Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/jistъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative reconstructions

*jьstъ (ESSJa,^[1] Derksen^[2])
*istъ (Olander^[3])

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *ī́ˀstas, cognate with Latvian ĩsts (“true”) (whence also ĩstens, ĩstans), as well as Latin Istaevōnēs (name of an ancient Germanic tribe). Further origin uncertain:

Vasmer relates Latvian īksts, Lithuanian áiškus (“clear”) (also attested as ýškus, éiškus, ýskus, ìščias), Old Armenian իսկ (isk, “in reality”), which are in turn related to Proto-Slavic *ěsnъ (“clear”). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ey- (“to prompt, to gauge”) whence (amongst others) Ancient Greek αἰτῐ́ᾱ (aitíā, “cause, reason”).
Stang proposes a connection to Sanskrit ईशे (ī́śe, “I am in possession”), ईशान m (īśāná, “lord, wealthy”), Proto-Germanic *aiganaz (“own”) (Gothic 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌹𐌽 n (aigin, “property”), 𐌰𐌹𐌲𐌰𐌽 (aigan, “to own, to have”), Old High German eigan (“own”), English own). Ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eyḱ- (“to possess”).
Toporov, Trubačev consider primary meaning "same", perhaps cognate with Latin iste (“that (of yours)”), from Proto-Indo-European *ís (referential particle) + *tó (“the, that”)
Meillet, Snoj suggest derivation from pre-Slavic *ēisth₂os < *h₁ēi (augment, loc. case) + *-stъ.

Adjective

*jìstъ^[4]

true, genuine, real, authentic
same, identical

Declension

Indefinite declension of *jistъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jistъ	*jista	*jisto
genitive	*jista	*jisty	*jista
dative	*jistu	*jistě	*jistu
accusative	*jistъ	*jistǫ	*jisto
instrumental	*jistomь	*jistojǫ	*jistomь
locative	*jistě	*jistě	*jistě
vocative	*jiste	*jisto	*jisto
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jista	*jistě	*jistě
genitive	*jistu	*jistu	*jistu
dative	*jistoma	*jistama	*jistoma
accusative	*jista	*jistě	*jistě
instrumental	*jistoma	*jistama	*jistoma
locative	*jistu	*jistu	*jistu
vocative	*jista	*jistě	*jistě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jisti	*jisty	*jista
genitive	*jistъ	*jistъ	*jistъ
dative	*jistomъ	*jistamъ	*jistomъ
accusative	*jisty	*jisty	*jista
instrumental	*jisty	*jistami	*jisty
locative	*jistěxъ	*jistaxъ	*jistěxъ
vocative	*jisti	*jisty	*jista

Definite declension of *jistъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jistъjь	*jistaja	*jistoje
genitive	*jistajego	*jistyję̇	*jistajego
dative	*jistujemu	*jistěji	*jistujemu
accusative	*jistъjь	*jistǫjǫ	*jistoje
instrumental	*jistyjimь	*jistǫjǫ	*jistyjimь
locative	*jistějemь	*jistěji	*jistějemь
vocative	*jistъjь	*jistaja	*jistoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jistaja	*jistěji	*jistěji
genitive	*jistuju	*jistuju	*jistuju
dative	*jistyjima	*jistyjima	*jistyjima
accusative	*jistaja	*jistěji	*jistěji
instrumental	*jistyjima	*jistyjima	*jistyjima
locative	*jistuju	*jistuju	*jistuju
vocative	*jistaja	*jistěji	*jistěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*jistiji	*jistyję̇	*jistaja
genitive	*jistъjixъ	*jistъjixъ	*jistъjixъ
dative	*jistyjimъ	*jistyjimъ	*jistyjimъ
accusative	*jistyję̇	*jistyję̇	*jistaja
instrumental	*jistyjimi	*jistyjimi	*jistyjimi
locative	*jistyjixъ	*jistyjixъ	*jistyjixъ
vocative	*jistiji	*jistyję̇	*jistaja

Synonyms

*věrьnъ, *pravъ, *ščirъ, *rěsnъ, *ěsnъ

Derived terms

*nejistъ, *nejistovъ
*jisto / *jьsto (“property, capital”)
- *jistiti / to claim, to assert
- *jistьcь / *jьstьcь (“plaintiff”)
*jistina / *jьstina (“truth, actuality”)

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: истъ (istŭ)
  - Old Ruthenian: истый (istyj)
    - Ukrainian: істи́й (istýj)
  - Russian: и́стый (ístyj, “true, real”) (rare)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: истъ (istŭ, “true, real”)
- Bulgarian: ист (ist), и́сти (ísti, “the same”) (obsolete)
  - ⇒ Bulgarian: и́стински (ístinski, “true, real”)
- Macedonian: ист (ist, “the same”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: и̏стӣ (“the same”)
  
  Latin script: ȉstī (“the same”)
- Slovene: ȋsti (“the same”) (tonal orthography)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: jistý
  - Czech: jistý (“certain”)
- Old Polish: isty, ist (short form)
  - Polish: isty
  - Silesian: isty
- Old Slovak: istý
  - Pannonian Rusyn: исти (isti)
  - Slovak: istý
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: jisty, wěsty

References

^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1981), “*jьstъjь”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 8 (*xa – *jьvьlga), Moscow: Nauka, page 246
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*jь̀stъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 215: “adj. o (a) ‘true, genuine’”
^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “istъ ista isto”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List‎^[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 144, 146; PR 133)”
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “isti”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *ji̋stъ”