Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-rъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-ras, from Proto-Indo-European *-rós. Unlike the Indo-European suffix, the Slavic one could be attached to any-grade (0-, e-, or o-) stems. Cognate with Lithuanian -ras, -rus and Latvian -rs.

Suffix

*-rъ

1. From intransitive verbs or basic 0-grade stems, forms adjectives

   Synonym: *-lъ

   *bъdrъ (“awake”) ← *bъděti (“to be conscious, to look over”)

   *rъdrъ (“red, rusty”) ← *rъděti (“to rust”)

   *starъ (“old”) ← *stati (“to stay, to stand”)

   *pьstrъ (“colourful”) < earlier *pьsrъ ← *pьsati (“to draw, to paint”)

   *sporъ (“abundant”) < earlier *sp(ə)rъ ← *spěti (“to advance, to succeed”)

   *xytrъ (“cunning, clever”) ← *xvatаti (“to catch, to grasp, to gulp”)

   *bystrъ (“transparent, rapid”) < earlier *bysrъ ← Pre-Slavic *bʰuHs- (“stormy, blowing”)

   *ostrъ (“sharp”) < earlier *osrъ ← Pre-Slavic *h₂ḱ- (“acute, sharp”)

2. From o-grade stems, forms adjectives

   *dobrъ (“good”) ← *dobъ (“suitable time”)

   *mokrъ (“wet”) ← *močь (“moisture”)

   *motrъ (“focused, accurate”) ← *motati (“to revolve”)

   *mǫdrъ (“wise”) ← **mǫdъ (“on one's mind”) ← *mьněti (“to think, to form opinion”) +‎ *-dъ (“locative particle”)

3. From e-grade stems, forms adjectives (rare)

   *vedrъ (“fair, clear”) ← **vedъ (“clear weather”) ←*věti (“to blow, to wind”) +‎ *-dъ (“locative particle”)

   *ędrъ (“large”) ← **ędъ (“mass, distribution”) ←*ęti (“to take, to have”) +‎ *-dъ (“locative particle”)

Declension

Indefinite declension of *-rъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-rъ	*-ra	*-ro
genitive	*-ra	*-ry	*-ra
dative	*-ru	*-rě	*-ru
accusative	*-rъ	*-rǫ	*-ro
instrumental	*-romь	*-rojǫ	*-romь
locative	*-rě	*-rě	*-rě
vocative	*-re	*-ro	*-ro
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-ra	*-rě	*-rě
genitive	*-ru	*-ru	*-ru
dative	*-roma	*-rama	*-roma
accusative	*-ra	*-rě	*-rě
instrumental	*-roma	*-rama	*-roma
locative	*-ru	*-ru	*-ru
vocative	*-ra	*-rě	*-rě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-ri	*-ry	*-ra
genitive	*-rъ	*-rъ	*-rъ
dative	*-romъ	*-ramъ	*-romъ
accusative	*-ry	*-ry	*-ra
instrumental	*-ry	*-rami	*-ry
locative	*-rěxъ	*-raxъ	*-rěxъ
vocative	*-ri	*-ry	*-ra

Definite declension of *-rъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-rъjь	*-raja	*-roje
genitive	*-rajego	*-ryję̇	*-rajego
dative	*-rujemu	*-rěji	*-rujemu
accusative	*-rъjь	*-rǫjǫ	*-roje
instrumental	*-ryjimь	*-rǫjǫ	*-ryjimь
locative	*-rějemь	*-rěji	*-rějemь
vocative	*-rъjь	*-raja	*-roje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-raja	*-rěji	*-rěji
genitive	*-ruju	*-ruju	*-ruju
dative	*-ryjima	*-ryjima	*-ryjima
accusative	*-raja	*-rěji	*-rěji
instrumental	*-ryjima	*-ryjima	*-ryjima
locative	*-ruju	*-ruju	*-ruju
vocative	*-raja	*-rěji	*-rěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-riji	*-ryję̇	*-raja
genitive	*-rъjixъ	*-rъjixъ	*-rъjixъ
dative	*-ryjimъ	*-ryjimъ	*-ryjimъ
accusative	*-ryję̇	*-ryję̇	*-raja
instrumental	*-ryjimi	*-ryjimi	*-ryjimi
locative	*-ryjixъ	*-ryjixъ	*-ryjixъ
vocative	*-riji	*-ryję̇	*-raja

Derived suffixes

• *-rъ m, *-ra f, *-ro n (noun-forming)
• *-erъ/*-ěrъ m, *-ara f (noun-forming, usually agents (particularly masculine animals) or instruments)
• *-yrъ m, *-yra f (noun-forming, usually tool)

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-rъ