Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-lъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

Continuing Proto-Indo-European *-lós.

Suffix

*-lъ

1. From verbs, forms participles
2. From intransitive verbs, forms adjectives

   Synonym: *-rъ

   ‎*orsti (“to grow”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*orstlъ (“tall”)

   ‎*mьrznǫti (“to freeze”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*mьrzlъ (“frozen”)

   ‎*mъděti + ‎*-lъ → ‎*mъdьlъ (“faint”)?

   ‎*pьrěti + ‎*-lъ → ‎*pьrělъ

   ‎*gňiti (“to rot”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*gňilъ (“rotten”)

3. (rare) From nouns, forms adjectives

   Synonym: *-ьnъ

   ‎*obъ (“vicinity, locality”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*obьlъ (“round”)

   ‎*krǫgъ (“circle”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*krǫglъ (“round”)

   ‎*světъ (“light”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*světьlъ (“light, bright”)?

   ‎*podъ (“bottom”) + ‎*-lъ → ‎*podьlъ (“vile, low”)

Usage notes

• Apparently not used with verbs ending -i- which are usually transitive.

Declension

Indefinite declension of *-lъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-lъ	*-la	*-lo
genitive	*-la	*-ly	*-la
dative	*-lu	*-lě	*-lu
accusative	*-lъ	*-lǫ	*-lo
instrumental	*-lomь	*-lojǫ	*-lomь
locative	*-lě	*-lě	*-lě
vocative	*-le	*-lo	*-lo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-la	*-lě	*-lě
genitive	*-lu	*-lu	*-lu
dative	*-loma	*-lama	*-loma
accusative	*-la	*-lě	*-lě
instrumental	*-loma	*-lama	*-loma
locative	*-lu	*-lu	*-lu
vocative	*-la	*-lě	*-lě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-li	*-ly	*-la
genitive	*-lъ	*-lъ	*-lъ
dative	*-lomъ	*-lamъ	*-lomъ
accusative	*-ly	*-ly	*-la
instrumental	*-ly	*-lami	*-ly
locative	*-lěxъ	*-laxъ	*-lěxъ
vocative	*-li	*-ly	*-la

Definite declension of *-lъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-lъjь	*-laja	*-loje
genitive	*-lajego	*-lyję̇	*-lajego
dative	*-lujemu	*-lěji	*-lujemu
accusative	*-lъjь	*-lǫjǫ	*-loje
instrumental	*-lyjimь	*-lǫjǫ	*-lyjimь
locative	*-lějemь	*-lěji	*-lějemь
vocative	*-lъjь	*-laja	*-loje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-laja	*-lěji	*-lěji
genitive	*-luju	*-luju	*-luju
dative	*-lyjima	*-lyjima	*-lyjima
accusative	*-laja	*-lěji	*-lěji
instrumental	*-lyjima	*-lyjima	*-lyjima
locative	*-luju	*-luju	*-luju
vocative	*-laja	*-lěji	*-lěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*-liji	*-lyję̇	*-laja
genitive	*-lъjixъ	*-lъjixъ	*-lъjixъ
dative	*-lyjimъ	*-lyjimъ	*-lyjimъ
accusative	*-lyję̇	*-lyję̇	*-laja
instrumental	*-lyjimi	*-lyjimi	*-lyjimi
locative	*-lyjixъ	*-lyjixъ	*-lyjixъ
vocative	*-liji	*-lyję̇	*-laja

Derived suffixes

• *-ělь, *-aľь
• *-ьlъ, *-ъlъ
• *-ělъ

See also

• *-ivъ
• *veselъ, *debelъ, *tęželъ

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-lъ

Further reading

• Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1974), “-lъ”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 1 (a – bьzděti), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 103