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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁én

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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    Adverb

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    *h₁én[1][2][3]

    1. in

    Alternative reconstructions

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    Reconstruction notes

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    Traditionally reconstructed with leading *h₁, but several Greek and Sanskrit compounds, if the analysis is correct, rule this out, for example Ancient Greek ἀκαρός (akarós), a variant of ἔγκαρος (énkaros, “brain”),[5] or Sanskrit हेमन् (héman, “in winter”) < *ǵʰeym én.[6][7]

    Derived terms

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    • *h₁en-dró-s (“egg, scrotum”)[8][9]
      • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
        • >? Proto-Slavic: *ędro (“kernel”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hāndrás (unexpected -ā-?)
        • Proto-Indo-Aryan: *Hāṇḍrás[10]
        • Proto-Nuristani: (per Morgenstierne, who reconstructs *ãŕa-)[11]
    • *h₁én-i (< h₁én + *-i (locative suffix))
      • Proto-Germanic: *eni[12] (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Celtic: *eni
        • Celtiberian: eni
        • ⇒ Gaulish: Eni-gnus (male given name)
        • ⇒ Primitive Irish: ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ (ini-gena, “daughter”) (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Hellenic: *eni
    • *h₁n-í (“down”) (< "inside")[5]
      • Old Armenian: նի- (ni-)
      • Proto-Celtic: *ni-
      • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ní (see there for further descendants)
      • Proto-Slavic: *nizъ (see there for further descendants)
      • ⇒ Proto-Indo-European: *h₁ni-téro-

    Descendants

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    • Old Albanian: ën-
      • Albanian: n-
      • Albanian: m- (before labials)
    • Armenian:
      • Old Armenian: ի (i) / յ- (y-)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *in (< zero-grade *h₁n̥)[33]
      • Old Prussian: ēn
      • Latvian: iekša (< *en-styā-s)
      • Lithuanian: į, in (dialectal)
      • Proto-Slavic: *vъ(n) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *en (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Hellenic: *en[13]
      • Ancient Greek: ἐν (en)
        Arcadocypriot Greek: ἰν (in)
    • Proto-Italic: *en (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian:
      • Tocharian A: -an
      • Tocharian B: -ne
    • Proto-Tocharian: *e(n)- (“intensifier”)[34]

    References

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    1. ^ Schrijver, Peter C. H. (1991) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Latin (Leiden studies in Indo-European; 2), Amsterdam, Atlanta: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 59: “*h₁en-”
    2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “*h₁en(i)”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, page 290
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2011) Comparative Indo-European Linguistics: An Introduction, 2nd edition, revised and corrected by Michiel de Vaan, Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, page 247: “*h₁en”
    4. ^ Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 71: “PIE *en”
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 221-236
    6. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 165
    7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Nussbaum, Alan J. (1986) Head and Horn in Indo-European (Untersuchungen zur indogermanischen Sprach- und Kulturwissenschaft. NF / Studies in Indo-European Language and Culture. New Series; 2), Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, page 189
    8. ^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q., editors (1997), “h₁endrós”, in Encyclopedia of Indo-European culture, London, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, pages 507-508
    9. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ę̄drò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 157
    10. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “*āṇḍá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[2] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 162
    11. ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “āṇḍá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press
    12. ^ Vladimir Orel (2003) A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 84
    13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔν”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 419
    14. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ek*”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 78: “*h₁en-h₃kʷ-o-”
    15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “in”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
    16. ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*enekʷo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 115
    17. ^ Zair, Nicholas (2012) The reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European laryngeals in Celtic, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 261
    18. ^ Ziegler, Sabine (1994) Alfred Bammesberger and Günter Neumann, editors, Die Sprache der altirischen Ogam-Inschriften [The language of the Old Irish Ogham inscriptions] (Historische Sprachforschung; Ergänzungsheft 36) (in German), Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 103
    19. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐνῑπή”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    20. ^ Wodtko, Dagmar S., Irslinger, Britta, Schneider, Carolin (2008) “*h₃ekʷ-”, in Nomina im indogermanischen Lexikon [Nouns in the Indo-European Lexicon] (in German), Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter, page 370
    21. ^ Frisk, Hjalmar (1960) “ἐνῶπα”, in Griechisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter, pages 526-27
    22. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐνῶπα”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    23. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “εἰς”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    24. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἐντός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    25. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*ę̄trò”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 158
    26. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “1. en”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 312
      Pokorny, Julius (1959) “2. ner-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 765
    27. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*nurþera-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[4], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    28. ^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*niþera-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎[5], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN
    29. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἀκαρός”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 49-50
    30. ^ Václav Blažek (2019) “Agamemnon”, in Georgios K. Giannakis, Christoforos Charalambakis, Franco Montanari and Antonios Rengakos, editors, Studies in Greek Lexicography (Trends in Classics – Supplementary Volumes; 72), De Gruyter, →DOI, →ISBN, §3.1.1, page 123: “ἄκαρος ‘brain’ [Etymologicum Magnum 45.13] <*H₁n̥-k̂r̥H₂o- vs. ἔγκαρος ‘brain’ [Lycophron {320–280 BCE}, Alexandra 1104; Alcaeus Messenius {197 BCE}] <*H₁en-k̂r̥H₂o-”
    31. ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 387
    32. ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎[6] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 166-67
    33. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 196–197
    34. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “e(n)-”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, pages 87-88: “PIE *h₁en”

    Further reading

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