Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/úd

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Adverb

*úd^[1]^[2]

upwards, away, out, outward

Derived terms

*úd-s (prep.)^[1] (< genitive^[3])
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *uź
  - Latvian: uz
  - Lithuanian: už
  - Proto-Slavic: *vъz (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Celtic: *uss- (prep.)^[4]
  - Old Irish: uss- (“up, off”), oss- (GOI), od- (before a stop or m), ó-, úa- (before a liquid or n)
- Proto-Germanic: *uz (“out (of)”, prep.)^[3] (see there for further descendants)
*úd-s-kʷe (“above”, prep.)^[1]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢčáH (“above, upwards”, adverb) (< *úds-kʷeh₁ (instr.)) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Italic: *ū̆skʷe^[4]
  - Latin: ū̆sque (“all the way, up to”, adverb) (see there for further descendants)
*úd-ter-o-s (“higher, outer”, contrastive)^[5]
*ud-tm̥m-ó-s (“highest, most outer”, superl.)^[1]^[6]
- Proto-Hellenic: *ústəmos^[1]
  - Ancient Greek: ὕστᾰτος (hústatos, “latest, last”, superl.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *utˢtamás (“highest, most elevated”) (see there for further descendants)
*úd-er-o-s (“abdomen, stomach”)^[7]^[8] (deadjectival of original superlative)

Descendants

Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ū́
- Proto-Slavic: *vy- (“out”, pref)^[9] (< Winter's law < *ud-) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *ud- (pref.)
- Old Irish: od-
Proto-Germanic: *ūt (“out, outward”, adverb)^[10] (lengthened due to monosyllabicity^[10]) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Hellenic: *u
- Ancient Greek: ὑ- (hu-, pref.), ὑ (hu, prep..)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ud-^[11] (see there for further descendants)

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ū̆d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1103-1104
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*ud-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 547
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*uz”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ū̆sque”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646: “Long ū may be due to Lachmann's Law; but it might also reflect PIE *ūd, a variant of *ud which is attested in Germanic and Slavic.”
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udˢtero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úttara-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 213
^ Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “udero-, u̯ēdero-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 3
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 553
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ūt”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562
^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214

[IEW-ū̆d-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ū̆d-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 3, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 1103-1104

[2] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*ud-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 547

[Kroonen-uz-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*uz”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562

[De_Vaan-ū̆sque-4] 4.0 ^4.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “ū̆sque”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 646: “Long ū may be due to Lachmann's Law; but it might also reflect PIE *ūd, a variant of *ud which is attested in Germanic and Slavic.”

[5] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udˢtero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517

[6] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úttara-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 213

[7] Mallory, J. P., Adams, D. Q. (2006) “*udero-”, in The Oxford introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European world, Oxford University Press, page 517

[8] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “udero-, u̯ēdero-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 1, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 3

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 553

[Kroonen-ūt-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*ūt”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[3], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 562

[11] Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992–2001) “úd”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[4] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 214

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