Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/skītaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

According to Orel, from Proto-Indo-European *skéydt, from *skeyd- (“to cut off”) (though Kroonen is implicitly skeptical).^[1] Cognates include Lithuanian šikti (“to defecate, shit”), Proto-Slavic *cěditi (“to strain, filter”),^[2] Ancient Greek σχῐ́ζω (skhĭ́zō, “to split”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈskiː.tɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*skītaną^[1]^[2]

to defecate, to shit

Inflection

Conjugation of *skītaną (strong class 1)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*skītō	*skītaų	—	*skītai	?
2nd singular	*skītizi	*skītaiz	*skīt	*skītazai	*skītaizau
3rd singular	*skītidi	*skītai	*skītadau	*skītadai	*skītaidau
1st dual	*skītōz	*skītaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*skītadiz	*skītaidiz	*skītadiz	—	—
1st plural	*skītamaz	*skītaim	—	*skītandai	*skītaindau
2nd plural	*skītid	*skītaid	*skītid	*skītandai	*skītaindau
3rd plural	*skītandi	*skītain	*skītandau	*skītandai	*skītaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*skait	*skitį̄
2nd singular	*skaist	*skitīz
3rd singular	*skait	*skitī
1st dual	*skitū	*skitīw
2nd dual	*skitudiz	*skitīdiz
1st plural	*skitum	*skitīm
2nd plural	*skitud	*skitīd
3rd plural	*skitun	*skitīn

	present	past
participles	*skītandz	*skitanaz

Related terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *skītan
- Old English: sċītan
  - Middle English: schiten, schite, schyte, schytyn, shyte, shytyn
    - English: shit, shite
    - Scots: shit
- Old Frisian: skīta
  - Saterland Frisian: skiete
  - West Frisian: skite
- Old Saxon: skītan
  - Middle Low German: schīten
    - Westphalian:
      Westmünsterländisch: schieten
    - Plautdietsch: schieten
- Old Dutch: *skītan
  - Middle Dutch: schiten
    - Dutch: schijten
    - Limburgish: sjiete
- Old High German: skīzan
  - Middle High German: schīzen
    - German: scheißen
    - Hunsrik: scheise
    - Luxembourgish: schäissen
Old Norse: skíta
- Icelandic: skíta
- Faroese: skíta
- Norwegian Bokmål: skite
- Norwegian Nynorsk: skita, skite
- Old Swedish: skīta
  - Swedish: skita
- Danish: skide
- → Middle English: skiten, skyten
  - Scots: skite

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skītan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 446
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*skītan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 446

[HGE-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Vladimir Orel (2003) “*skītanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 342

[1]

[2]