Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/geldaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Akin to Proto-Slavic *želsti (attested only in Old Church Slavonic жлѣсти (žlěsti) and Old East Slavic желести (želesti)). If not an early borrowing from Germanic, these may be from common Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ-.^[1] Old Irish gell (“pledge”) may also continue the same root.^[2] On the other hand, the pre-Germanic root may need to be *gʰelt- (> *gelþ-) in order to explain Old Swedish gjalla (“to repay”).^[3]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈɣel.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*geldaną^[2]^[4]

to pay
to have/give value

Inflection

Conjugation of *geldaną (strong class 3)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*geldō	*geldaų	—	*geldai	?
2nd singular	*gildizi	*geldaiz	*geld	*geldazai	*geldaizau
3rd singular	*gildidi	*geldai	*geldadau	*geldadai	*geldaidau
1st dual	*geldōz	*geldaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*geldadiz	*geldaidiz	*geldadiz	—	—
1st plural	*geldamaz	*geldaim	—	*geldandai	*geldaindau
2nd plural	*gildid	*geldaid	*gildid	*geldandai	*geldaindau
3rd plural	*geldandi	*geldain	*geldandau	*geldandai	*geldaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gald	*guldį̄
2nd singular	*galst	*guldīz
3rd singular	*gald	*guldī
1st dual	*guldū	*guldīw
2nd dual	*guldudiz	*guldīdiz
1st plural	*guldum	*guldīm
2nd plural	*guldud	*guldīd
3rd plural	*guldun	*guldīn

	present	past
participles	*geldandz	*guldanaz

Derived terms

Descendants

Proto-West Germanic: *geldan
- Old English: ġieldan, ġyldan, ġildan, ġeldan
  - Middle English: yelden, yielden
    - English: yield
    - Scots: ȝeld, yeild, yield
- Old Frisian: ielda, jelda
  - North Frisian: jilde
  - Saterland Frisian: jeelde
  - West Frisian: jilde
- Old Saxon: geldan
  - Middle Low German: gelden
    - Low German: gellen
- Old Dutch: *geldan
  - Middle Dutch: gelden
    - Dutch: gelden
    - Limburgish: gèlje
- Old High German: geltan
  - Middle High German: gëlten
    - Cimbrian: ghèltan
    - German: gelten
    - Luxembourgish: gëllen
Old Norse: gjalda
- Icelandic: gjalda
- Faroese: gjalda
- Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda; (dialectal) galda, gjedla, gjelja
- Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
- Old Swedish: giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla
  - Swedish: gälla, gälda
- Old Danish: gialdæ
  - Danish: gælde
Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gildan) (in derivatives)

References

^ Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*geldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*želsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 556–557
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒelđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 130-131

[1] Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN

[Kroonen-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Guus Kroonen (2013) “*geldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174

[3] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*želsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 556–557

[4] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒelđanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 130-131

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