Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/geldaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Akin to Proto-Slavic *želsti (attested only in Old Church Slavonic жлѣсти (žlěsti) and Old East Slavic желести (želesti)). If not an early borrowing from Germanic, these may be from common Proto-Indo-European *gʰeldʰ-. Old Irish gell (“pledge”) may also continue the same root.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɣel.dɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*geldaną

1. to pay
2. to have/give value

Inflection

Conjugation of *geldaną (strong class 3)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*geldō	*geldaų	—	*geldai	?
2nd singular	*gildizi	*geldaiz	*geld	*geldazai	*geldaizau
3rd singular	*gildidi	*geldai	*geldadau	*geldadai	*geldaidau
1st dual	*geldōz	*geldaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*geldadiz	*geldaidiz	*geldadiz	—	—
1st plural	*geldamaz	*geldaim	—	*geldandai	*geldaindau
2nd plural	*gildid	*geldaid	*gildid	*geldandai	*geldaindau
3rd plural	*geldandi	*geldain	*geldandau	*geldandai	*geldaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*gald	*guldį̄
2nd singular	*galst	*guldīz
3rd singular	*gald	*guldī
1st dual	*guldū	*guldīw
2nd dual	*guldudiz	*guldīdiz
1st plural	*guldum	*guldīm
2nd plural	*guldud	*guldīd
3rd plural	*guldun	*guldīn
	present	past
participles	*geldandz	*guldanaz

Derived terms

• *frageldaną
• *geldą
• *gelstrą
• *gildiz
• *gildiją (> Old Norse gildi)

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *geldan
  • Old English: ġieldan, ġyldan, ġildan, ġeldan
    • Middle English: yielden, yelden
      • English: yield
      • Scots: yield
  • Old Frisian: ielda, jelda
    • North Frisian: jilde
    • Saterland Frisian: jeelde
    • West Frisian: jilde
  • Old Saxon: geldan
    • Middle Low German: gelden
      • Low German: gellen
  • Old Dutch: *geldan
    • Middle Dutch: gelden
      • Dutch: gelden
      • Limburgish: gèlje
  • Old High German: geltan
    • Middle High German: gëlten
      • Cimbrian: ghèltan
      • German: gelten
      • Luxembourgish: gëllen
• Old Norse: gjalda
  • Icelandic: gjalda
  • Faroese: gjalda
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: gjelda; (dialectal) galda, gjedla, gjelja
  • Norwegian Bokmål: gjelde
  • Old Swedish: giælda, gialda, giælla, gælla
    • Swedish: gälla, gälda
  • Old Danish: gialdæ
    • Danish: gælde
• Gothic: *𐌲𐌹𐌻𐌳𐌰𐌽 (*gildan) (in derivatives)