Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰeldʰ-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Alternative reconstructions

*ǵʰeldʰ-

Root

*gʰeldʰ-^[1]

to repay, pay

Reconstruction notes

According to the LIV, this root is questionable.^[1]

Traditionally considered separate extensions (or suffixed forms) of a root *gʰel-, namely *gʰel-t- in Germanic and *gʰel-d⁽ʰ⁾- in Slavic, not taking into account the Celtic.^[2]^[3] Some authors maintain that *-t- (> Germanic *-þ-) is necessary to explain such Nordic forms as Old Swedish gjalla (“to repay”).^[4]

Derived terms

*gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - >? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic^[4]) (see there for further descendants)
- >? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)
*gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)
- Proto-Celtic: *geldom^[5]
  - Old Irish: gell (“pledge, promise”)
    - Middle Irish: gell
      - Irish: geall
      - Scottish Gaelic: geall
    - ⇒ Middle Irish: gillán

References

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰeldʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 197
^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghel-tō (germ.) und ghel-dhō (slav.) ‚gelte, zahle‘?”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 436
^ Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒelðanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 130–131
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*želsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 556-557
^ Guus Kroonen (2013) “*geldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174

[LIV-1] 1.0 ^1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰeldʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 197

[2] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghel-tō (germ.) und ghel-dhō (slav.) ‚gelte, zahle‘?”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 436

[3] Vladimir Orel (2003) “*ʒelðanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 130–131

[EDSIL-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*želsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 556-557

[EDPG-5] Guus Kroonen (2013) “*geldan-”, in Alexander Lubotsky, editor, Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11)‎^[2], Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174

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