Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʰeldʰ-

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This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Alternative reconstructions

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  • *ǵʰeldʰ-

Root

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*gʰeldʰ-[1]

  1. to repay, pay

Reconstruction notes

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According to the LIV, this root is questionable.[1]

Traditionally considered separate extensions (or suffixed forms) of a root *gʰel-, namely *gʰel-t- in Germanic and *gʰel-d⁽ʰ⁾- in Slavic, not taking into account the Celtic.[2][3] Some authors maintain that *-t- (> Germanic *-þ-) is necessary to explain such Nordic forms as Old Swedish gjalla (“to repay”).[4]

Derived terms

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  • *gʰeldʰ-(e-)ti (root present)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic:
      • >? Proto-Slavic: *želsti (unless borrowed from Germanic[4]) (see there for further descendants)
    • >? Proto-Germanic: *geldaną (“pay, have value”) (see there for further descendants)
  • *gʰeldʰ-o-m (possibly from an earlier root noun *gʰéld in view of e-grade, if not deverbal in Proto-Celtic)

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*gʰeldʰ-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 197
  2. ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “ghel-tō (germ.) und ghel-dhō (slav.) ‚gelte, zahle‘?”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, page 436
  3. ^ Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*ʒelðanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, pages 130–131
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Derksen, Rick (2008) “*želsti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, →ISSN, pages 556-557
  5. ^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*geldan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 173-174
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