Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *bʰéwH-ti, e-grade of *bʰuH- (“to grow, become, come into being, appear”). Cognate with Latin fuī (“have been”, verb), Latin futūrus (“becoming, imminent, future”), Sanskrit भवति (bhávati).

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ˈbeu̯.nɑ̃/

Verb

*beuną

to be
Synonym: *wesaną
to become

Inflection

This verb is suppletive. The past is conjugated with the strong class 5 stem wes-, the remainder with an irregular stem beu-.

Conjugation of *beuną (irregular, suppletive)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*biumi	*biwjǭ?	—	—	—
2nd singular	*biusi	*biwjēs?	*beu	—	—
3rd singular	*biuþi	*biwjē?	*beuþau	—	—
1st dual	*beū?	*biwīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*biuþiz	*biwīþiz	*biudiz	—	—
1st plural	*beum	*biwīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*beud	*biwīþ	*beuþ	—	—
3rd plural	*biunþi	*biwīn	*beunþau	—	—

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*was	*wēzį̄
2nd singular	*wast	*wēzīz
3rd singular	*was	*wēzī
1st dual	*wēzū	*wēzīw
2nd dual	*wēzudiz	*wēzīdiz
1st plural	*wēzum	*wēzīm
2nd plural	*wēzud	*wēzīd
3rd plural	*wēzun	*wēzīn

	present	past
participles	*wesandz	—

Descendants

For past tense and participle forms, see the identical forms at *wesaną.

*beuną (infinitive)
- Old English: bēon, bīon
  - Middle English: been, be, bean, ben, beon, boen, seen, sen
    - English: be; been (dialectal)
    - Scots: be
    - Yola: ba, bee, be, b'
*biumi (1st person singular present)
- Old English: bēom, bīom
- Old Frisian: bem, ben
  - North Frisian:
    Föhr-Amrum: bian
    Goesharde: biin
    Halligen: bian
    Heligoland: Bean
    Mooring: biinj
    Sylt: Biin
    Wiedingharde: biin
  - Saterland Frisian: Been
  - West Frisian: bien
- Old Saxon: bīum, bīom, bīon
  - Middle Low German: bün, bin
    - Dutch Low Saxon: bun
    - German Low German: bün, bin
- Old Dutch: bim
  - Middle Dutch: bim, bin
    - Dutch: ben
      Jersey Dutch: bän
    - Limburgish: bön
- Old High German: bim
  - Middle High German: bin
    - German: bin
  - Middle High German: bin
    - Alemannic German: bi, bin
      Swabian: bin, ben, bee
    - Bavarian: bin
      Cimbrian: pin, pinn
    - German: bin
    - Pennsylvania German: bin
    - Yiddish: בין (bin)
*biusi (2nd person singular present) (see there for further descendants)
*biuþi (3rd person singular present)
- Old English: biþ, bioþ, byþ, byt
  - Middle English: bith, biþ, beth, bis, bes
    - English: bes, beeth (now obsolete or dialectal)
    - Fingallian: bes
    - Yola: beeth
*biunþi (3rd person plural present)
- Old English: bēoþ
  - Middle English: beth
*beu (2nd person singular imperative)
- Old English: bēo
  - Middle English: be
    - English: be
    - Scots: be
*beuþ (2nd person plural imperative)
- Old English: bēoþ
  - Middle English: beth