菁華

See also: 精华

Chinese

		flower of leek	flowery; flourishing; magnificent flowery; flourishing; magnificent; your; grey; corona; time; essence; China; Chinese; name of a mountain
trad. (菁華/精華)		菁/精	華
simp. (精华)		精	华

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): jīnghuá

  (Zhuyin): ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): zing¹ waa⁴
• Hakka (Sixian, PFS): chîn-fà
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): cheng-hôa / cheng-hoa

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: jīnghuá
    • Zhuyin: ㄐㄧㄥ ㄏㄨㄚˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: jinghuá
    • Wade–Giles: ching¹-hua²
    • Yale: jīng-hwá
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jinghwa
    • Palladius: цзинхуа (czinxua)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕiŋ⁵⁵ xu̯ä³⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 京華 / 京华 精華 / 精华

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: zing¹ waa⁴
    • Yale: jīng wàh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dzing¹ waa⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: jing¹ wa⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪŋ⁵⁵ waː²¹/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chîn-fà
    • Hakka Romanization System: jin^ˊ fa^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: jin¹ fa²
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sin²⁴ fa¹¹/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-hôa
    • Tâi-lô: tsing-huâ
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zenghoaa
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡siɪŋ³³ hua²⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua¹³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻³³ hua²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheng-hoa
    • Tâi-lô: tsing-hua
    • Phofsit Daibuun: zenghoaf
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siɪŋ⁴⁴⁻²² hua⁴⁴/

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• Middle Chinese: tsjeng hwae

Rime
Character	菁	華
Reading #	1/1	1/3
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	清 (121)	麻 (99)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	子盈切	戸花切
Baxter	tsjeng	hwae
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡siᴇŋ/	/ɦˠua/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡siɛŋ/	/ɦʷᵚa/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡siæŋ/	/ɣua/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡siajŋ/	/ɦwaɨ/
Li Rong	/t͡siɛŋ/	/ɣua/
Wang Li	/t͡sĭɛŋ/	/ɣwa/
Bernhard Karlgren	/t͡si̯ɛŋ/	/ɣwa/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jīng	huá
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zing1	waa4

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsleŋ  ɡʷraː/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	華
Reading #	2/3
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huá
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæ ›
Old Chinese	/*N-qʷʰˁra/
English	flower (v.); flowery (adj.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	菁	華
Reading #	1/1	2/3
No.	11328	5312
Phonetic component	生	華
Rime group	耕	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	精	華
Old Chinese	/*ʔsleŋ/	/*ɡʷraː/
Notes		說文於聲

Noun

菁華

1. essence; quintessence; marrow; pith; essential parts

   剔除糟粕，吸取精華。 [MSC, trad.]
   剔除糟粕，吸取精华。 [MSC, simp.]

   Tīchú zāopò, xīqǔ jīnghuá. [Pinyin]

   Remove the dregs and extract the essence.

   請您將研究成果的精華與大家分享。 [MSC, trad.]
   请您将研究成果的精华与大家分享。 [MSC, simp.]

   Qǐng nín jiāng yánjiū chéngguǒ de jīnghuá yǔ dàjiā fēnxiǎng. [Pinyin]

   Please share with everyone the essential parts of your research findings.

2. (literary) brilliance; splendor; radiance; glory

Synonyms

• (essence):

edit

• 精粹 (jīngcuì)
• 精髓 (jīngsuǐ)
• 菁英 (jīngyīng)

 

• (brilliance):

edit

• 光耀 (guāngyào)
• 光華 / 光华 (guānghuá)
• 光輝 / 光辉 (guānghuī)

 

Derived terms

• 天地菁華 / 天地菁华

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (菁華):

• → Japanese: 精(せい)華(か) (seika)
• → Korean: 정화(菁華) (jeonghwa)
• → Vietnamese: tinh hoa (菁華)