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See also:
U+8271, 艱
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8271

[U+8270]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+8272]

Translingual

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Han character

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(Kangxi radical 138, +11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 廿人日女 (TOAV), four-corner 47532, composition 𦰩)

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 29
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30600
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1473, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3171, character 5
  • Unihan data for U+8271

Chinese

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trad.
simp.
alternative forms 𦫒

𡆒
𮎚
𡿤

Glyph origin

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Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *krɯːn) : semantic 𦰩 + phonetic (OC *kɯːns).

Pronunciation

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Note:
  • kan - literary;
  • kian - vernacular.

Rime
Character
Reading # 1/1
Initial () (28)
Final () (73)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division () II
Fanqie
Baxter kean
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang
/kˠɛn/
Pan
Wuyun
/kᵚæn/
Shao
Rongfen
/kæn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank
/kəɨn/
Li
Rong
/kɛn/
Wang
Li
/kæn/
Bernard
Karlgren
/kăn/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex
jiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex
gaan1
BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)
jiān
Middle
Chinese
‹ kɛn ›
Old
Chinese
/*kˁrə[r]/
English difficulty

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character
Reading # 1/1
No. 3912
Phonetic
component
Rime
group
Rime
subdivision
1
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese
/*krɯːn/

Definitions

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  1. difficult; hard
  2. hardship; suffering
  3. disaster
  4. dangerous
  5. parent's death

Compounds

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References

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Japanese

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Kanji

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(Hyōgai kanji)

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Readings

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  • Go-on: けん (ken)
  • Kan-on: かん (kan)
  • Kun: なやむ (nayamu, 艱む)かたい (katai, 艱い)なやみ (nayami)

Korean

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Hanja

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(gan) (hangeul , revised gan, McCune–Reischauer kan, Yale kan)

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Vietnamese

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Han character

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: Hán Nôm readings: gian

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.