左馮翊

Chinese

		left	Feng (Chinese surname)	assist; ready to fly; respect
trad. (左馮翊)		左	馮	翊
simp. (左冯翊)		左	冯	翊

Etymology

First created in the Han era [104 BCE], the name was probably coined. According to a commentary to the Book of Han by Zhang Yan (張晏, c. 3rd century?) as collected by Yan Shigu (581–645) much later, both 馮 (OC *brɯŋ) and 翊 (OC *lɯɡ) might be glossed as "to assist" (i.e., to assist the imperial capital).

In addition, the phrase "馮馮翊翊" appeared in the Han Shi Wai Zhuan (《韓詩外傳》) as hapax legomenon and was interpreted by James Robert Hightower as "vast and soaring", likely as ideophone. Together with the 右扶風 (OC *ɢʷɯʔ ba plum, “strong gale on the right”), they would form the left and right wings of the imperial district.

The 左 component refers to the geographical position relative to the imperial city of Chang'an: As the Son of Heaven faces the south, the Pingyi lies on the left-hand side.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): Zuǒ Píngyì

  (Zhuyin): ㄗㄨㄛˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄧˋ

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: Zuǒ Píngyì
    • Zhuyin: ㄗㄨㄛˇ ㄆㄧㄥˊ ㄧˋ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: Zuǒ Píngyì
    • Wade–Giles: Tso³ Pʻing²-i⁴
    • Yale: Dzwǒ Píng-yì
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: Tzuoo Pyngyih
    • Palladius: Цзо Пинъи (Czo Pinʺi)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡su̯ɔ²¹⁴⁻²¹ pʰiŋ³⁵ i⁵¹/

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• Middle Chinese: tsaX bjuwng|bing yik

Rime
Character	左	馮	馮	翊
Reading #	1/2	1/2	2/2	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)	並 (3)	並 (3)	以 (36)
Final (韻)	歌 (94)	東 (2)	蒸 (133)	職 (134)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open	Open	Open
Division (等)	I	III	III	III
Fanqie	臧可切	房戎切	扶冰切	與職切
Baxter	tsaX	bjuwng	bing	yik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sɑX/	/bɨuŋ/	/bɨŋ/	/jɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sɑX/	/biuŋ/	/bɨŋ/	/jɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sɑX/	/biuŋ/	/bieŋ/	/iek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡saX/	/buwŋ/	/biŋ/	/jik̚/
Li Rong	/t͡sɑX/	/biuŋ/	/biəŋ/	/iək̚/
Wang Li	/t͡sɑX/	/bĭuŋ/	/bĭəŋ/	/jĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡sɑX/	/bʱi̯uŋ/	/bʱi̯əŋ/	/i̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	zuǒ	féng	píng	yì
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zo2	fung4	ping4	jik6

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*tsˤa[j]ʔ  [b]rəŋ  ɢʷrəp/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ʔsaːlʔ  brɯŋ  lɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	左	馮	馮	翊
Reading #	1/3	1/3	2/3	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	zuǒ	píng	píng	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsaX ›	‹ bing ›	‹ bing ›	‹ yik ›
Old Chinese	/*tsˁa[j]ʔ/	/*[b]rəŋ/	/*[b]rəŋ/	/*ɢʷrəp/ (dialect: *-p > *-k)
English	left (side)	full, solid	lean on	next day
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	左	馮	翊
Reading #	1/2	1/2	1/1
No.	18004	858	15995
Phonetic component	左	仌	昱
Rime group	歌	蒸	職
Rime subdivision	1	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	左	凭	弋
Old Chinese	/*ʔsaːlʔ/	/*brɯŋ/	/*lɯɡ/

Proper noun

左馮翊

1. (historical) Zuo Pingyi (historical administrative and geographic division in the northeastern vicinity of Chang'an)

Hypernyms

• 三輔／三辅 (sānfǔ)