共和

Chinese

		all together; in while; to share all together; in while; to share; common; general; together; total	mix together; peace; harmony mix together; peace; harmony; and; with; union; cap (a poem); respond in singing; soft; warm
simp. and trad. (共和)		共	和

Etymology

Gonghe Regency

Traditionally interpreted as "joint harmony", as during the Gonghe regency, the Zhou Dynasty was considered to be ruled jointly by two dukes; but according to the Bamboo Annals, the Gonghe regency was ruled by a single person—the Count of Gong (共伯), whose name was He (和). This reading has been confirmed by the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips.

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Standard)

  (Pinyin): gònghé

  (Zhuyin): ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ

  (Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): gong⁴ ho²

  (Dungan, Cyrillic and Wiktionary): гунхә (gunhə, I-I)

• Cantonese (Jyutping): gung⁶ wo⁴
• Gan (Wiktionary): kung⁵ fo⁴
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): khiung-fò

  (Meixian, Guangdong): kiung⁴ fo²

• Jin (Wiktionary): gung³ hue¹
• Northern Min (KCR): gō̤ng-uǎ
• Eastern Min (BUC): gê̤ṳng-huò
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): kiōng-hô͘ / kiōng-hô

  (Teochew, Peng'im): gang⁷ hua⁵

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ⁶gon-wu₆
• Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): gong⁵ ho²

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: gònghé
    • Zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥˋ ㄏㄜˊ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: gònghé
    • Wade–Giles: kung⁴-ho²
    • Yale: gùng-hé
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gonqher
    • Palladius: гунхэ (gunxɛ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ⁵¹ xɤ³⁵/
  • (Chengdu)
    • Sichuanese Pinyin: gong⁴ ho²
    • Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gungxo
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /koŋ²¹³ xo²¹/
  • (Dungan)
    • Cyrillic and Wiktionary: гунхә (gunhə, I-I)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuŋ²⁴ xə²⁴/

    (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Yale: guhng wòh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Guangdong Romanization: gung⁶ wo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʊŋ²² wɔː²¹/
• Gan
  • (Nanchang)
    • Wiktionary: kung⁵ fo⁴
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ¹¹ fo³⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiung-fò
    • Hakka Romanization System: kiung fo^ˇ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: kiung⁴ fo²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯uŋ⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: kiung⁴ fo²
    • Sinological IPA: /kʰiʊŋ⁵³⁻⁵⁵ fo¹¹/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: gung³ hue¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /kuŋ⁴⁵ xuɤ¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: gō̤ng-uǎ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɔŋ⁵⁵ ua²¹/
• Eastern Min
  • (Fuzhou)
    • Bàng-uâ-cê: gê̤ṳng-huò
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kyŋ²⁴²⁻⁵⁵ ^(h-)ŋuo⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô͘
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hôo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghoo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /kiɔŋ⁴¹⁻²² hɔ²⁴/
  • (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiōng-hô
    • Tâi-lô: kiōng-hô
    • Phofsit Daibuun: kioxnghooi
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho¹³/
    • IPA (Xiamen): /kiɔŋ²²⁻²¹ ho²⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /kiɔŋ³³⁻²¹ hɤ²³/
    • IPA (Taipei): /kiɔŋ³³⁻¹¹ ho²⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: gang⁷ hua⁵
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kāng huâ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /kaŋ¹¹ hua⁵⁵/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ⁶gon-wu₆
    • MiniDict: gon^去 wu^去
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³gon-hhu₃
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɡoŋ²² ɦu⁴⁴/
• Xiang
  • (Changsha)
    • Wiktionary: gong⁵ ho²
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (old-style): /kʊŋ²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/
    • Sinological IPA ^(key) (new-style): /kən²¹⁻¹¹ xo¹³/

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• Middle Chinese: gjowngH hwa

Rime
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	群 (30)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	戈 (95)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open	Closed
Division (等)	III	I
Fanqie	渠用切	戸戈切
Baxter	gjowngH	hwa
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡɨoŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡioŋH/	/ɦuɑ/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/guawŋH/	/ɦwa/
Li Rong	/ɡioŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Wang Li	/ɡĭwoŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Bernhard Karlgren	/gi̯woŋH/	/ɣuɑ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	jiòng	huó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gung6	wo4

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s  [ɢ]ˤoj/

  (Zhengzhang): /*ɡloŋs  ɡoːl/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	共	和
Reading #	1/1	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	gòng	hé
Middle Chinese	‹ gjowngH ›	‹ hwa ›
Old Chinese	/*N-k(r)oŋʔ-s/	/*[ɢ]ˁoj/
English	together, all	harmonious
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	共	和
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	4182	4932
Phonetic component	共	禾
Rime group	東	歌
Rime subdivision	0	3
Corresponding MC rime	共	和
Old Chinese	/*ɡloŋs/	/*ɡoːl/

Noun

共和

1. republicanism; republic

Derived terms

• 中華人民共和國 / 中华人民共和国 (Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)
• 五族共和 (wǔzú gònghé)
• 共和主義 / 共和主义 (gònghé zhǔyì)
• 共和制 (gònghézhì)
• 共和國 / 共和国 (gònghéguó)
• 共和聯邦 / 共和联邦 (Gònghé Liánbāng)
• 共和黨 / 共和党 (Gònghédǎng)

 

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (共和):

• → Japanese: 共和(きょうわ) (kyōwa)
• → Korean: 공화(共和) (gonghwa)
• → Vietnamese: cộng hòa (共和)

See also

• 君主制 (jūnzhǔzhì)

Proper noun

共和

1. (historical) Gonghe Regency (interregnum period in Chinese history from 841 to 828 BCE)

   • 共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厲王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
     共和十四年，大旱，火焚其屋，伯和篡位立，秋，又大旱。其年周厉王死，宣王立。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]

     From: Bamboo Annals, circa 475 – 221 BCE

     Gònghé shísì nián, dàhàn, huǒ fén qí wū, bó Hé cuànwèi lì, qiū, yòu dàhàn. Qí nián zhōu Lìwáng sǐ, Xuānwáng lì. [Pinyin]

     In the fourteenth year of Gong['s ]He, there was a great drought; a fire burnt his residence. Earl He, by usurping the throne, was established [as ruler]. In autumn, there was another great drought. That year, King Li died; King Xuan was established.

2. (～縣) Gonghe County (a county of Qinghai, China)

Derived terms

• 周召共和

 

Japanese

Etymology

Kanji in this term
共	和
きょう Grade: 4	わ Grade: 3
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 共和 (gjowngH hwa).

The idea of "government without a king" was later adopted by Japanese geographer Mitsukuri Shōgo in reference to the United States, which he dubbed 共和政治州 (Kyōwa-Seiji-Shū, literally “the States with Cooperative and Harmonious Government”); Mitsukuri anecdotally took this suggestion from a Ruist acquaintance who could only think of the aforementioned regency as the sole example of an East Asian government with no monarch. Later Japanese authors used 共和 in a rather indiscriminate way, for anything from commonwealth, to republic, to democracy. The original translation into Chinese of English republican was Chinese 民主 (mínzhǔ), whence Vietnamese dân chủ (“democracy”).

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) きょーわ [kyòówá] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [kʲo̞ːβ̞a̠]

Noun

共(きょう)和(わ) • (kyōwa) 

1. collaboration; cooperation; working together in harmony
2. republicanism

Derived terms

• 共和国(きょうわこく) (kyōwakoku)

Korean

Hanja in this term
共	和

Noun

共和 • (gonghwa) (hangeul 공화)

1. hanja form^? of 공화 (“universal harmony, republicanism”)

Vietnamese

chữ Hán Nôm in this term
共	和

Noun

共和

1. chữ Hán form of cộng hoà (“republic”).