ऋ

See also: र

ऋ	U+090B, ऋ DEVANAGARI LETTER VOCALIC R

← ऊ
[U+090A]

Devanagari

ऌ →
[U+090C]

Translingual

Stroke order

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /r̩/

Letter

ऋ (ṛ)

Traditionally classified as a vowel of the Devanagari script. Its matra, used to modify the inherent vowel in a consonant, is written ृ. For example the first consonant क with the matra looks like: कृ. It is only used in words of Sanskrit derivation. Transliterated as IAST: ṛ or ITRANS: RRi or R^i.

Hindi

Pronunciation

(Delhi) IPA^(key): /ɾiː/

Letter

ऋ • (ŕ)

the seventh vowel in Hindi

Marathi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /ɾu/, [ɾuː]

Letter

ऋ • (ŕ)

The seventh vowel in Marathi, pronounced ru.

Nepali

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [ɾi]
Phonetic Devanagari: रि

Letter

ऋ • (r̥)

The seventh vowel in Nepali.

Sanskrit

Alternative forms

अर् (ar)

Alternative scripts

ঋ (Assamese script)
ᬋ (Balinese script)
ঋ (Bengali script)
𑰆 (Bhaiksuki script)
𑀋 (Brahmi script)
ၒ (Burmese script)
ઋ (Gujarati script)
ਰ (Gurmukhi script)
𑌋 (Grantha script)
ꦉ (Javanese script)
𑂩𑂱 (Kaithi script)
ಋ (Kannada script)
ឫ (Khmer script)
ຣິ (Lao script)
ഋ (Malayalam script)
ᡵᡳ (Manchu script)
𑘆 (Modi script)
ᠷᠢ (Mongolian script)
𑦦 (Nandinagari script)
𑐆 (Newa script)
ଋ (Odia script)
ꢈ (Saurashtra script)
𑆉 (Sharada script)
𑖆 (Siddham script)
ඍ (Sinhalese script)
𑩐𑩙 (Soyombo script)
ரி (Tamil script)
ఋ (Telugu script)
ฤ (Thai script)
རྀ (Tibetan script)
𑒇 (Tirhuta script)
𑨫𑨉 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Merged from Proto-Indo-European *h₃er- (“stir, move”) and *h₁er- (“to move, go”); the former is cognate with Ancient Greek ὄρνῡμῐ (órnūmi, “to set upon; to arouse”) and Old Armenian յառնեմ (yaṙnem, “to rise, awake”), while the latter is cognate with Ancient Greek ἔρχομαι (érkhomai, “to go, come”) and Albanian erdha (“to have come, originated”) (via a derivative *h₁erǵʰ- (“to move”)).

Pronunciation

(Vedic) IPA^(key): /r̩/
(Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /r̩/

Root

ऋ • (ṛ)

to go, move
to rise, tend towards
to move, shake
to obtain, gain, acquire, reach, meet with
to move, excite, raise (as voice, words, etc.)
to display
to injure, hurt
to attack
to throw, cast, fling; fix or implant in
to put or place on, fix upon, direct or cast towards (as the eye, etc.); to insert, give, set, or place
to hand over; give to, give in charge of, consign, deliver
to give up, sacrifice
to give back, restore
to pierce through, perforate, penetrate

Derived terms

Sanskrit terms belonging to the root ऋ (0 c, 11 e)

Terms derived from the Sanskrit root ऋ (3 c, 0 e)

Primary Verbal Forms

ऋच्छति (ṛccháti, Present)
इयर्ति (íyarti, Present)
ऋणोति (ṛṇóti, Present)
ऋन्वति (ṛnvati, Present)
आर्च्छत् (ā́rcchat, Imperfect)
ऐयः (aíyaḥ, Imperfect)
आर्णोत् (ā́rṇot, Imperfect)
आर्ण्वत् (ā́rṇvat, Imperfect)
अरिष्यति (ariṣyáti, Future)
आरत् (ā́rat, Aorist)
आर्षीत् (ā́rṣīt, Aorist)
आर्त (ā́rta, Aorist)
आर (ā́ra, Perfect)

Secondary Forms

अर्यते (aryáte, Passive)
अर्पयति (arpáyati, Causative)
आर्पिपत् (ā́rpipat, Causative Aorist)
अरिरिषति (aririṣati, Desiderative)
अलर्ति (álarti, Intensive)
अरार्यते (arāryate, Intensive)

Non-Finite Forms

ऋत (ṛtá, Past Participle)
अर्तुम् (ártum, Infinitive)
ऋत्वा (ṛtvā́, Gerund)

Derived Nominal Forms

ऋति (ṛti)
ऋतप्सु (ṛtapsu)
ऋतावन् (ṛtāvan)
ऋतु (ṛtu)
ऋतव्य (ṛtavya)
अर्पण (arpaṇa)
अर्वत् (árvat)

References

Monier Williams (1899) “ऋ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 223/2.
William Dwight Whitney, 1885, The Roots, Verb-forms, and Primary Derivatives of the Sanskrit Language, Leipzig: Breitkopf and Härtel, page 14
Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan]‎^[1] (in German), volume 1, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, pages 105-6; 247