अश्वत्थ
Appearance
Sanskrit
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Alternative forms
[edit]Alternative scripts
- অশ্বত্থ (Assamese script)
- ᬅᬰ᭄ᬯᬢ᭄ᬣ (Balinese script)
- অশ্বত্থ (Bengali script)
- 𑰀𑰫𑰿𑰪𑰝𑰿𑰞 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀅𑀰𑁆𑀯𑀢𑁆𑀣 (Brahmi script)
- အၐွတ္ထ (Burmese script)
- અશ્વત્થ (Gujarati script)
- ਅਸ਼੍ਵਤ੍ਥ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌅𑌶𑍍𑌵𑌤𑍍𑌥 (Grantha script)
- ꦄꦯ꧀ꦮꦠ꧀ꦡ (Javanese script)
- 𑂃𑂬𑂹𑂫𑂞𑂹𑂟 (Kaithi script)
- ಅಶ್ವತ್ಥ (Kannada script)
- អឝ្វត្ថ (Khmer script)
- ອຨ຺ວຕ຺ຖ (Lao script)
- അശ്വത്ഥ (Malayalam script)
- ᠠᡧᠣᠸᠠᢠᡨᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘀𑘫𑘿𑘪𑘝𑘿𑘞 (Modi script)
- ᠠᠱᢦᢐᠲᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦠𑧋𑧠𑧊𑦽𑧠𑦾 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐀𑐱𑑂𑐰𑐟𑑂𑐠 (Newa script)
- ଅଶ୍ଵତ୍ଥ (Odia script)
- ꢂꢯ꣄ꢮꢡ꣄ꢢ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆃𑆯𑇀𑆮𑆠𑇀𑆡 (Sharada script)
- 𑖀𑖫𑖿𑖪𑖝𑖿𑖞 (Siddham script)
- අශ්වත්ථ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩐𑩿 𑪙𑩾𑩫 𑪙𑩬 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚀𑚧𑚶𑚦𑚙𑚶𑚚 (Takri script)
- அஶ்வத்த² (Tamil script)
- అశ్వత్థ (Telugu script)
- อศฺวตฺถ (Thai script)
- ཨ་ཤྭ་ཏྠ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒁𑒬𑓂𑒫𑒞𑓂𑒟 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨀𑨮𑩇𑨭𑨙𑩇𑨚 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology
[edit]Uncertain. The plausible etymologies proposed in the literature are:
- Per Turner, from a substrate term that has been Sanskritised + -त्थ (-ttha, “wood”), a suffix also found in कपित्थ (kapittha, “bael tree”), डित्थ (ḍittha, “wooden elephant”), and डवित्थ (ḍavittha, “wooden antelope”).[1] In this case, the first element is probably not अश्व (aśva, “horse”).
- Per Mayrhofer, compare Proto-Iranian *HacwaHastiš (“alfalfa, lucerne”, literally “horse food”).[2] If truly cognate, the Sanskrit term must have originally been *अश्व-द्-थ (aśva-d-tha), but it is not easy to reconcile the suffix with expected Proto-Indo-European *h₁éd-t-is (“food”), nor is the ashvattha tree typically used as horse food. The expected cognate of the Iranic term would be *अश्वत्ति (aśvatti).
Mayrhofer[3] lists some other attempted Indo-European etymologies, none of which are convincing:
- Per Adalbert Kuhn and quoted by Uhlenbeck, a Prakritism from अश्व (aśva, “horse”) + स्थ (stha, “stand”).[4] This etymology arises from a story in the Brāhmaṇas about the tree being a receptacle for the horse-form of the god अग्नि (agni), and thus probably a post-hoc explanation.
- Per Fay, a compound from Proto-Indo-European *h₂ékʷeh₂ (“water”) + *dh₃tós (“given”).
- Per Lassen, a Prakritism from अ- (a-) + स्वस्थ (svastha), i.e. "not self-dependent", referring to the continual shivering of its leaves. Emeneau supports this etymology but rather in reference to the tree's epiphytism;[5] he later withdrew his support and instead favoured a substrate borrowing.
The given name अश्वत्थामन् (aśvatthāman) is unrelated according to Mayrhofer.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Vedic) IPA(key): /ɐɕ.ʋɐt.tʰɐ́/, [ɐɕ.ʋɐt̚.tʰɐ́]
- (Classical Sanskrit) IPA(key): /ɐɕ.ʋɐt̪.t̪ʰɐ/, [ɐɕ.ʋɐt̪̚.t̪ʰɐ]
Noun
[edit]अश्वत्थ • (aśvatthá) stem, m (Vedic, Classical Sanskrit)
- ashvattha, sacred fig (a tree of species Ficus religiosa)
- a vessel made from ashvattha wood
- c. 1700 BCE – 1200 BCE, Ṛgveda 1.135.8:
- अत्राह॒ तद्व॑हेथे॒ मध्व॒ आहु॑तिं॒ यम॑श्व॒त्थमु॑प॒तिष्ठ॑न्त जा॒यवो॒ऽस्मे ते स॑न्तु जा॒यवः॑
सा॒कं गावः॒ सुव॑ते॒ पच्य॑ते॒ यवो॒ न ते॑ वाय॒ उप॑ दस्यन्ति धे॒नवो॒ नाप॑ दस्यन्ति धे॒नवः॑- átrā́ha tádvahethe mádhva ā́hutiṃ yámaśvatthámupatíṣṭhanta jāyávoʼsmé té santu jāyávaḥ
sākáṃ gā́vaḥ súvate pácyate yávo ná te vāya úpa dasyanti dhenávo nā́pa dasyanti dhenávaḥ
- 1890 translation by R. T. H. Griffith
- Ride hither to the offering of the pleasant juice, the holy Fig-tree which victorious priests surround: victorious be they still for us. At once the cows yield milk, the barleymeal is dressed. For thee, O Vâyu, never shall the cows grow thin, never for thee shall they be dry.
- átrā́ha tádvahethe mádhva ā́hutiṃ yámaśvatthámupatíṣṭhanta jāyávoʼsmé té santu jāyávaḥ
- अत्राह॒ तद्व॑हेथे॒ मध्व॒ आहु॑तिं॒ यम॑श्व॒त्थमु॑प॒तिष्ठ॑न्त जा॒यवो॒ऽस्मे ते स॑न्तु जा॒यवः॑
- the upper अरणि (araṇi) made of ashvattha wood
- (astronomy) Synonym of श्रोणा (śroṇā, “name of a नक्षत्र (nakṣatra)”)
- c. 600 BCE – 400 BCE, Pāṇini, Aṣṭādhyāyī 4.2.5:
- संज्ञायां श्रवणाश्वत्थाभ्याम्
- saṃjñāyāṃ śravaṇāśvatthābhyām
- संज्ञायां श्रवणाश्वत्थाभ्याम्
- a name of the sun
- name of a people
- 550 CE, Varāhamihira, Bṛhat Saṃhitā
Declension
[edit]singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | अश्वत्थः (aśvattháḥ) | अश्वत्थौ (aśvatthaú) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā́¹) |
अश्वत्थाः (aśvatthā́ḥ) अश्वत्थासः¹ (aśvatthā́saḥ¹) |
vocative | अश्वत्थ (áśvattha) | अश्वत्थौ (áśvatthau) अश्वत्था¹ (áśvatthā¹) |
अश्वत्थाः (áśvatthāḥ) अश्वत्थासः¹ (áśvatthāsaḥ¹) |
accusative | अश्वत्थम् (aśvatthám) | अश्वत्थौ (aśvatthaú) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā́¹) |
अश्वत्थान् (aśvatthā́n) |
instrumental | अश्वत्थेन (aśvatthéna) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthā́bhyām) | अश्वत्थैः (aśvatthaíḥ) अश्वत्थेभिः¹ (aśvatthébhiḥ¹) |
dative | अश्वत्थाय (aśvatthā́ya) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthā́bhyām) | अश्वत्थेभ्यः (aśvatthébhyaḥ) |
ablative | अश्वत्थात् (aśvatthā́t) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthā́bhyām) | अश्वत्थेभ्यः (aśvatthébhyaḥ) |
genitive | अश्वत्थस्य (aśvatthásya) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvattháyoḥ) | अश्वत्थानाम् (aśvatthā́nām) |
locative | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthé) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvattháyoḥ) | अश्वत्थेषु (aśvatthéṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
Descendants
[edit]- Prakrit: 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀣 (assattha), 𑀆𑀲𑀢𑁆𑀣 (āsattha), 𑀅𑀲𑁆𑀲𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀣 (assŏttha), 𑀅𑀁𑀲𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀣 (aṃsŏttha), 𑀆𑀲𑁄𑀢𑁆𑀣 (āsŏttha)
- Assamese: আঁহত (ãhot)
- Pali: assattha
- ⇒ Bengali: অশোত (ośōt), আশোত (aśōt)
- → Bengali: অশ্বত্থ (ośśottho) (learned)
- → Sinhalese: අශ්වත්ථ (aśwattha) (learned)
Adjective
[edit]अश्वत्थ • (aśvattha) stem (Classical Sanskrit)
Declension
[edit]singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | अश्वत्थः (aśvatthaḥ) | अश्वत्थौ (aśvatthau) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
अश्वत्थाः (aśvatthāḥ) अश्वत्थासः¹ (aśvatthāsaḥ¹) |
vocative | अश्वत्थ (aśvattha) | अश्वत्थौ (aśvatthau) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
अश्वत्थाः (aśvatthāḥ) अश्वत्थासः¹ (aśvatthāsaḥ¹) |
accusative | अश्वत्थम् (aśvattham) | अश्वत्थौ (aśvatthau) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
अश्वत्थान् (aśvatthān) |
instrumental | अश्वत्थेन (aśvatthena) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थैः (aśvatthaiḥ) अश्वत्थेभिः¹ (aśvatthebhiḥ¹) |
dative | अश्वत्थाय (aśvatthāya) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थेभ्यः (aśvatthebhyaḥ) |
ablative | अश्वत्थात् (aśvatthāt) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थेभ्यः (aśvatthebhyaḥ) |
genitive | अश्वत्थस्य (aśvatthasya) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvatthayoḥ) | अश्वत्थानाम् (aśvatthānām) |
locative | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvatthayoḥ) | अश्वत्थेषु (aśvattheṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | अश्वत्था (aśvatthā) | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थाः (aśvatthāḥ) |
vocative | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थाः (aśvatthāḥ) |
accusative | अश्वत्थाम् (aśvatthām) | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थाः (aśvatthāḥ) |
instrumental | अश्वत्थया (aśvatthayā) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थाभिः (aśvatthābhiḥ) |
dative | अश्वत्थायै (aśvatthāyai) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थाभ्यः (aśvatthābhyaḥ) |
ablative | अश्वत्थायाः (aśvatthāyāḥ) अश्वत्थायै² (aśvatthāyai²) |
अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थाभ्यः (aśvatthābhyaḥ) |
genitive | अश्वत्थायाः (aśvatthāyāḥ) अश्वत्थायै² (aśvatthāyai²) |
अश्वत्थयोः (aśvatthayoḥ) | अश्वत्थानाम् (aśvatthānām) |
locative | अश्वत्थायाम् (aśvatthāyām) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvatthayoḥ) | अश्वत्थासु (aśvatthāsu) |
- ¹Vedic
- ²Brāhmaṇas
singular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | अश्वत्थम् (aśvattham) | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थानि (aśvatthāni) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
vocative | अश्वत्थ (aśvattha) | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थानि (aśvatthāni) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
accusative | अश्वत्थम् (aśvattham) | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थानि (aśvatthāni) अश्वत्था¹ (aśvatthā¹) |
instrumental | अश्वत्थेन (aśvatthena) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थैः (aśvatthaiḥ) अश्वत्थेभिः¹ (aśvatthebhiḥ¹) |
dative | अश्वत्थाय (aśvatthāya) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थेभ्यः (aśvatthebhyaḥ) |
ablative | अश्वत्थात् (aśvatthāt) | अश्वत्थाभ्याम् (aśvatthābhyām) | अश्वत्थेभ्यः (aśvatthebhyaḥ) |
genitive | अश्वत्थस्य (aśvatthasya) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvatthayoḥ) | अश्वत्थानाम् (aśvatthānām) |
locative | अश्वत्थे (aśvatthe) | अश्वत्थयोः (aśvatthayoḥ) | अश्वत्थेषु (aśvattheṣu) |
- ¹Vedic
References
[edit]- ^ Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “aśvatthá”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 41
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1992) “aśvatthá-”, in Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindoarischen [Etymological Dictionary of Old Indo-Aryan][1] (in German), volume I, Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 140
- ^ Mayrhofer, Manfred (1956–1980) “aśvattháḥ”, in Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary][2] (in German), Heidelberg: Carl Winter Universitätsverlag, page 61
- ^ Uhlenbeck, C. C. (1898–1899) Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch der altindischen Sprache (in German), Amsterdam: Johannes Müller
- ^ Emeneau, M. B. (1944–1950) “The strangling figs in Sanskrit literature”, in University of California Publications in Classical Philology[3], volume 13, page 370
Further reading
[edit]- Monier Williams (1899) “अश्वत्थ”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 115.
Categories:
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- Sanskrit terms suffixed with -त्थ
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- sa:Astronomy
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- sa:Fig trees