گذشتن

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Persian

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Etymology

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From Middle Persian [script needed] (wtštn' /⁠widaštan⁠/), [script needed] (wtltn' /⁠widardan⁠/, pass, cross, die),[1] from Proto-Iranian *witárHati (to pass by), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wí + Proto-Indo-Iranian *tárHati (to cross over), the prefix ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *wi (apart).[2] Cognate with Northern Kurdish bihurîn (to pass), Central Kurdish بووردن (biwurdin, to pass) and Zazaki viyartene (to pass).

Pronunciation

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Readings
Classical reading? guḏaštan
Dari reading? guzaštan
Iranian reading? gozaštan
Tajik reading? guzaštan

Verb

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Dari گذشتن
Iranian Persian
Tajik гузаштан

گُذَشتَن (gozaštan) (present stem گُذَر (gozar)) (intransitive)

  1. to pass, to pass away (especially of time)
    این نیز بگذردin niz bogzoradthis too shall pass
    • c. 1100, Omar Khayyam, translated by Ahmad Saidi, Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam:
      از دی که گذشت هیچ از آن یاد مکن
      فردا که نیامده است فریاد مکن.
      az dī ki guzašt hēč az ān yād ma-kun
      fardā ki nay-āmada ast faryād ma-kun
      The yesterday that's gone, you must forget what it was
      For the tomorrow not come, don't flitter and fuss.
      (Classical Persian transliteration)
    • c. 1789, Wajīh al-Dīn Ashraf, بحرِ زخّار:
      چنانچه بعد از نماز چهار روز گذشت و باران نبارید []
      čunānči ba'd az namāz čahār rōz guzašt u bārān na-bārīd []
      when four days passed after the prayer and it did not rain []
      (Classical Persian transliteration)
  2. to pass away; to die
    Synonym: درگذشتن (dargozaštan)
  3. to cross over
    از این رودخانه گذشتم.
    az in rudxâne gozaštam.
    I crossed over this river.
  4. to overlook; to pardon (a wrong, a sin)
  5. to surpass, to excel
    • c. 1260s, Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī, translated by Reynold A. Nicholson, مثنوی معنوی, volume I, verse 3054:
      ز آن که در الاست او از لا گذشت / هر که در الاست او فانی نگشت
      za ân ki dar alâ-st ô az lâ guzašt / har ki dar alâ-st ô fâni na-gašt
      Because he is in except, he has transcended nonentity: whosoever is in except has not passed away.

Usage notes

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  • گذشتن (gozaštan) is intransitive, and in senses that are equivalent to English transitive verbs, از (az) is used for what in English would be the direct object.

Conjugation

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Derived terms

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References

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  1. ^ MacKenzie, D. N. (1971) “widardan”/“widaštan”, in A concise Pahlavi dictionary, London, New York, Toronto: Oxford University Press, page 90
  2. ^ Cheung, Johnny (2007) “pages-380-2”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Iranian Verb (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 2), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN

Hayyim, Sulayman (1934) “گذشتن”, in New Persian–English dictionary, Teheran: Librairie-imprimerie Béroukhim