σπάω
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Ancient Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- σπᾰ́ζω (spázō)
Etymology
[edit]García-Ramón suggests that the term is cognate with Vedic Sanskrit पा (pā, “to rise against, be hostile”) and Hittite [script needed] (pippa-, “to overturn”), and reconstructs Proto-Indo-European *(s)peh₂- (“to draw, set in motion”). See also σπᾰ́θη (spáthē, “broad blade, spathe”).[1]
An older theory by Klingenschmitt connects the Greek verb with Old Armenian հանեմ (hanem, “to draw or pull out”).
Pronunciation
[edit]- (5th BCE Attic) IPA(key): /spá.ɔː/
- (1st CE Egyptian) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
- (4th CE Koine) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
- (10th CE Byzantine) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
- (15th CE Constantinopolitan) IPA(key): /ˈspa.o/
Verb
[edit]σπᾰ́ω • (spáō)
- to draw a sword
- (of other things) to draw
- (of violent actions) to pluck off or out
- to tear, rend, especially of ravenous animals
- to wrench, sprain, twist
- to snatch, tear or drag away
- (figuratively) to carry away, draw aside
- to cause convulsion or spasm
- to draw in, suck in, involve
- to draw tight, pull the reins
- to derive
Inflection
[edit] Present: σπᾰ́ω, σπᾰ́ομαι (Uncontracted)
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | σπᾰ́ω | σπᾰ́εις | σπᾰ́ει | σπᾰ́ετον | σπᾰ́ετον | σπᾰ́ομεν | σπᾰ́ετε | σπᾰ́ουσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | σπᾰ́ω | σπᾰ́ῃς | σπᾰ́ῃ | σπᾰ́ητον | σπᾰ́ητον | σπᾰ́ωμεν | σπᾰ́ητε | σπᾰ́ωσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | σπᾰ́οιμῐ | σπᾰ́οις | σπᾰ́οι | σπᾰ́οιτον | σπᾰοίτην | σπᾰ́οιμεν | σπᾰ́οιτε | σπᾰ́οιεν | |||||
imperative | σπᾰ́ε | σπᾰέτω | σπᾰ́ετον | σπᾰέτων | σπᾰ́ετε | σπᾰόντων | |||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | σπᾰ́ομαι | σπᾰ́ῃ, σπᾰ́ει |
σπᾰ́εται | σπᾰ́εσθον | σπᾰ́εσθον | σπᾰόμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́εσθε | σπᾰ́ονται | ||||
subjunctive | σπᾰ́ωμαι | σπᾰ́ῃ | σπᾰ́ηται | σπᾰ́ησθον | σπᾰ́ησθον | σπᾰώμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́ησθε | σπᾰ́ωνται | |||||
optative | σπᾰοίμην | σπᾰ́οιο | σπᾰ́οιτο | σπᾰ́οισθον | σπᾰοίσθην | σπᾰοίμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́οισθε | σπᾰ́οιντο | |||||
imperative | σπᾰ́ου | σπᾰέσθω | σπᾰ́εσθον | σπᾰέσθων | σπᾰ́εσθε | σπᾰέσθων | |||||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | σπᾰ́ειν | σπᾰ́εσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | σπᾰ́ων | σπᾰόμενος | ||||||||||
f | σπᾰ́ουσᾰ | σπᾰομένη | |||||||||||
n | σπᾰ́ον | σπᾰόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | σπῶ | σπᾷς | σπᾷ | σπᾶτον | σπᾶτον | σπῶμεν | σπᾶτε | σπῶσῐ(ν) | ||||
subjunctive | σπῶ | σπᾷς | σπᾷ | σπᾶτον | σπᾶτον | σπῶμεν | σπᾶτε | σπῶσῐ(ν) | |||||
optative | σπῴην, σπῷμῐ |
σπῴης, σπῷς |
σπῴη, σπῷ |
σπῷτον, σπῴητον |
σπῴτην, σπῳήτην |
σπῷμεν, σπῴημεν |
σπῷτε, σπῴητε |
σπῷεν, σπῴησᾰν | |||||
imperative | σπᾶ | σπᾱ́τω | σπᾶτον | σπᾱ́των | σπᾶτε | σπώντων | |||||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | σπῶμαι | σπᾷ | σπᾶται | σπᾶσθον | σπᾶσθον | σπώμεθᾰ | σπᾶσθε | σπῶνται | ||||
subjunctive | σπῶμαι | σπᾷ | σπᾶται | σπᾶσθον | σπᾶσθον | σπώμεθᾰ | σπᾶσθε | σπῶνται | |||||
optative | σπῴμην | σπῷο | σπῷτο | σπῷσθον | σπῴσθην | σπῴμεθᾰ | σπῷσθε | σπῷντο | |||||
imperative | σπῶ | σπᾱ́σθω | σπᾶσθον | σπᾱ́σθων | σπᾶσθε | σπᾱ́σθων | |||||||
active | middle/passive | ||||||||||||
infinitive | σπᾶν | σπᾶσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | σπῶν | σπώμενος | ||||||||||
f | σπῶσᾰ | σπωμένη | |||||||||||
n | σπῶν | σπώμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔσπᾰον | ἔσπᾰες | ἔσπᾰε(ν) | ἐσπᾰ́ετον | ἐσπᾰέτην | ἐσπᾰ́ομεν | ἐσπᾰ́ετε | ἔσπᾰον | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐσπᾰόμην | ἐσπᾰ́ου | ἐσπᾰ́ετο | ἐσπᾰ́εσθον | ἐσπᾰέσθην | ἐσπᾰόμεθᾰ | ἐσπᾰ́εσθε | ἐσπᾰ́οντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | ἔσπων | ἔσπᾱς | ἔσπᾱ | ἐσπᾶτον | ἐσπᾱ́την | ἐσπῶμεν | ἐσπᾶτε | ἔσπων | ||||
middle/ passive |
indicative | ἐσπώμην | ἐσπῶ | ἐσπᾶτο | ἐσπᾶσθον | ἐσπᾱ́σθην | ἐσπώμεθᾰ | ἐσπᾶσθε | ἐσπῶντο | ||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
number | singular | dual | plural | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
first | second | third | second | third | first | second | third | ||||||
active | indicative | σπᾰ́σω | σπᾰ́σεις | σπᾰ́σει | σπᾰ́σετον | σπᾰ́σετον | σπᾰ́σομεν | σπᾰ́σετε | σπᾰ́σουσῐ(ν) | ||||
optative | σπᾰ́σοιμῐ | σπᾰ́σοις | σπᾰ́σοι | σπᾰ́σοιτον | σπᾰσοίτην | σπᾰ́σοιμεν | σπᾰ́σοιτε | σπᾰ́σοιεν | |||||
middle | indicative | σπᾰ́σομαι | σπᾰ́σῃ, σπᾰ́σει |
σπᾰ́σεται | σπᾰ́σεσθον | σπᾰ́σεσθον | σπᾰσόμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́σεσθε | σπᾰ́σονται | ||||
optative | σπᾰσοίμην | σπᾰ́σοιο | σπᾰ́σοιτο | σπᾰ́σοισθον | σπᾰσοίσθην | σπᾰσοίμεθᾰ | σπᾰ́σοισθε | σπᾰ́σοιντο | |||||
active | middle | ||||||||||||
infinitive | σπᾰ́σειν | σπᾰ́σεσθαι | |||||||||||
participle | m | σπᾰ́σων | σπᾰσόμενος | ||||||||||
f | σπᾰ́σουσᾰ | σπᾰσομένη | |||||||||||
n | σπᾰ́σον | σπᾰσόμενον | |||||||||||
Notes: | This table gives Attic inflectional endings. For conjugation in dialects other than Attic, see Appendix:Ancient Greek dialectal conjugation.
|
Derived terms
[edit]- ἀνᾰσπᾰ́ω (anaspáō)
- ἀντῐσπᾰ́ω (antispáō)
- ἀποσπᾰ́ω (apospáō)
- δῐᾰσπᾰ́ω (diaspáō)
- ἐκσπᾰ́ω (ekspáō)
- ἐπῐσπᾰ́ω (epispáō)
- κᾰτᾰσπᾰ́ω (kataspáō)
- μετᾰσπᾰ́ω (metaspáō)
- πᾰρᾰσπᾰ́ω (paraspáō)
- περῐσπᾰ́ω (perispáō)
- σπᾰ́δῐον (spádion)
- σπᾰδών (spadṓn)
- σπᾰ́δων (spádōn)
- σπᾰ́σῐς (spásis)
- σπᾰ́σμᾰ (spásma)
- σπᾰσμός (spasmós)
- σπᾰστῐκός (spastikós)
- σῠσπᾰ́ω (suspáō)
- ὑποσπᾰ́ω (hupospáō)
Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “σπάω, σπάομαι”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1378
Further reading
[edit]- “σπάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1940) A Greek–English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- “σπάω”, in Liddell & Scott (1889) An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, New York: Harper & Brothers
- “σπάω”, in Autenrieth, Georg (1891) A Homeric Dictionary for Schools and Colleges, New York: Harper and Brothers
- σπάω in Bailly, Anatole (1935) Le Grand Bailly: Dictionnaire grec-français, Paris: Hachette
- σπάω in Cunliffe, Richard J. (1924) A Lexicon of the Homeric Dialect: Expanded Edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, published 1963
Greek
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- σπω (spo) (uncommon)
Etymology
[edit]From Byzantine Greek σπῶ (spô) / σπάω (spáō), from Ancient Greek σπάω (spáō), of Proto-Indo-European origin. Also see σπάζω (spázo).
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]σπάω • (spáo) (imperfect έσπαγα, past έσπασα, passive —, ppp σπασμένος)
- Alternative form of σπάζω (spázo) (active voice only)
- (transitive) to break
- (intransitive) to break (into two or more pieces that cannot easily be reassembled)
- (slang) to split, to leave
- (colloquial) to irritate
- Μου τη σπάει πολύ αυτός ο καθηγητής.
- Mou ti spáei polý aftós o kathigitís.
- This professor really gets on my nerves.
Conjugation
[edit]σπάω (active voice only plus passive perfect participle)
Active voice ➤ | ||||
Indicative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect ➤ | Perfective aspect ➤ | ||
Non-past tenses ➤ | Present ➤ | Dependent ➤ | ||
1 sg | σπάω, (σπω) (σπάζω →) | σπάσω1 | ||
2 sg | σπας | σπάσεις | ||
3 sg | σπάει | σπάσει | ||
1 pl | σπάμε | σπάσουμε, [‑ομε] | ||
2 pl | σπάτε | σπάσετε | ||
3 pl | σπάνε, σπαν | σπάσουν(ε) | ||
Past tenses ➤ | Imperfect ➤ | Simple past ➤ | ||
1 sg | έσπαγα (→ έσπαζα) | έσπασα1 | ||
2 sg | έσπαγες | έσπασες | ||
3 sg | έσπαγε | έσπασε | ||
1 pl | σπάγαμε | σπάσαμε | ||
2 pl | σπάγατε | σπάσατε | ||
3 pl | έσπαγαν, σπάγαν(ε) | έσπασαν, σπάσαν(ε) | ||
Future tenses ➤ | Continuous ➤ | Simple ➤ | ||
1 sg | θα σπάω ➤ | θα σπάσω ➤ | ||
2,3 sg, 1,2,3 pl | θα σπας, ... | θα σπάσεις, … | ||
Perfect aspect ➤ | ||||
Present perfect ➤ | έχω, έχεις, … σπάσει | είμαι, είσαι, … σπασμένος, ‑η, ‑ο ➤ (also passive voice) | ||
Past perfect ➤ | είχα, είχες, … σπάσει | ήμουν, ήσουν, … σπασμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Future perfect ➤ | θα έχω, θα έχεις, … σπάσει | θα είμαι, θα είσαι, … σπασμένος, ‑η, ‑ο | ||
Subjunctive mood ➤ | Formed using present, dependent (for simple past) or present perfect from above with a particle (να, ας). | |||
Imperative mood ➤ | Imperfective aspect | Perfective aspect | ||
2 sg | σπάε | σπάσε | ||
2 pl | σπάτε | σπάστε | ||
Other forms | ||||
Active present participle ➤ | σπώντας (→ σπάζοντας) ➤ | |||
Active perfect participle ➤ | έχοντας σπάσει ➤ | |||
Passive perfect participle ➤ | σπασμένος, -η, -ο1 ➤ | |||
Nonfinite form ➤ | σπάσει | |||
Notes Appendix:Greek verbs |
1. Shared forms with σπάζω. • (…) optional or informal. […] rare. {…} learned, archaic. • Multiple forms are shown in order of reducing frequency. • Periphrastic imperative forms may be produced using the subjunctive. | |||
Derived terms
[edit]- μου τη σπάει (mou ti spáei, “it irritates me”) (colloquial only)
- σπάω στο ξύλο (spáo sto xýlo, “to beat someone up”)
Related terms
[edit]- and see: σπάζω (spázo)
Categories:
- Ancient Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Ancient Greek 2-syllable words
- Ancient Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ancient Greek lemmas
- Ancient Greek verbs
- Ancient Greek paroxytone terms
- Greek terms inherited from Byzantine Greek
- Greek terms derived from Byzantine Greek
- Greek terms inherited from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Ancient Greek
- Greek terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Greek terms with IPA pronunciation
- Greek lemmas
- Greek verbs
- Greek transitive verbs
- Greek intransitive verbs
- Greek slang
- Greek colloquialisms
- Greek terms with usage examples
- Greek verbs conjugating like 'σπάω'
- Greek verbs lacking passive forms