valvoa

Finnish

Etymology

Proto-Finnic *valvadak +‎ -oa (the base verb valvaa is only found in dialects). Cognate to Estonian valvama and Karelian valvuo. Possibly further related to valaa, or borrowed from Proto-Germanic *walwijaną.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑˣ/, [ˈʋɑ̝lʋo̞ɑ̝(ʔ)]
• Rhymes: -ɑlʋoɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): val‧voa

Verb

valvoa (usually atelic)

1. (intransitive) to stay up, stay awake (to remain awake, to not go to bed)

   Hän valvoi yli nukkumaanmenoaikansa.

   She stayed up past her bedtime.

2. (transitive) to oversee, supervise, superintend, guide

   Kongressin tehtävänä on valvoa liittovaltion varojen käyttöä.

   It is congress' duty to oversee the spending of federal funds.

3. (transitive) to watch, keep an eye on
4. (transitive) to enforce (a law, rule, etc.)
5. (transitive) to supervise, proctor, monitor, invigilate (an examination)

Conjugation

Inflection of valvoa (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation)
indicative mood
present tense				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		valvon	en valvo	1st sing.	olen valvonut	en ole valvonut
2nd sing.		valvot	et valvo	2nd sing.	olet valvonut	et ole valvonut
3rd sing.		valvoo	ei valvo	3rd sing.	on valvonut	ei ole valvonut
1st plur.		valvomme	emme valvo	1st plur.	olemme valvoneet	emme ole valvoneet
2nd plur.		valvotte	ette valvo	2nd plur.	olette valvoneet	ette ole valvoneet
3rd plur.		valvovat	eivät valvo	3rd plur.	ovat valvoneet	eivät ole valvoneet
passive		valvotaan	ei valvota	passive	on valvottu	ei ole valvottu
past tense				pluperfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		valvoin	en valvonut	1st sing.	olin valvonut	en ollut valvonut
2nd sing.		valvoit	et valvonut	2nd sing.	olit valvonut	et ollut valvonut
3rd sing.		valvoi	ei valvonut	3rd sing.	oli valvonut	ei ollut valvonut
1st plur.		valvoimme	emme valvoneet	1st plur.	olimme valvoneet	emme olleet valvoneet
2nd plur.		valvoitte	ette valvoneet	2nd plur.	olitte valvoneet	ette olleet valvoneet
3rd plur.		valvoivat	eivät valvoneet	3rd plur.	olivat valvoneet	eivät olleet valvoneet
passive		valvottiin	ei valvottu	passive	oli valvottu	ei ollut valvottu
conditional mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		valvoisin	en valvoisi	1st sing.	olisin valvonut	en olisi valvonut
2nd sing.		valvoisit	et valvoisi	2nd sing.	olisit valvonut	et olisi valvonut
3rd sing.		valvoisi	ei valvoisi	3rd sing.	olisi valvonut	ei olisi valvonut
1st plur.		valvoisimme	emme valvoisi	1st plur.	olisimme valvoneet	emme olisi valvoneet
2nd plur.		valvoisitte	ette valvoisi	2nd plur.	olisitte valvoneet	ette olisi valvoneet
3rd plur.		valvoisivat	eivät valvoisi	3rd plur.	olisivat valvoneet	eivät olisi valvoneet
passive		valvottaisiin	ei valvottaisi	passive	olisi valvottu	ei olisi valvottu
imperative mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		—	—	1st sing.	—	—
2nd sing.		valvo	älä valvo	2nd sing.	—	—
3rd sing.		valvokoon	älköön valvoko	3rd sing.	olkoon valvonut	älköön olko valvonut
1st plur.		valvokaamme	älkäämme valvoko	1st plur.	—	—
2nd plur.		valvokaa	älkää valvoko	2nd plur.	—	—
3rd plur.		valvokoot	älkööt valvoko	3rd plur.	olkoot valvoneet	älkööt olko valvoneet
passive		valvottakoon	älköön valvottako	passive	olkoon valvottu	älköön olko valvottu
potential mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		valvonen	en valvone	1st sing.	lienen valvonut	en liene valvonut
2nd sing.		valvonet	et valvone	2nd sing.	lienet valvonut	et liene valvonut
3rd sing.		valvonee	ei valvone	3rd sing.	lienee valvonut	ei liene valvonut
1st plur.		valvonemme	emme valvone	1st plur.	lienemme valvoneet	emme liene valvoneet
2nd plur.		valvonette	ette valvone	2nd plur.	lienette valvoneet	ette liene valvoneet
3rd plur.		valvonevat	eivät valvone	3rd plur.	lienevät valvoneet	eivät liene valvoneet
passive		valvottaneen	ei valvottane	passive	lienee valvottu	ei liene valvottu
Nominal forms
infinitives				participles
		active	passive		active	passive
1st		valvoa		present	valvova	valvottava
long 1st1		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st valvoakseni valvoaksemme 2nd valvoaksesi valvoaksenne 3rd valvoakseen valvoaksensa		past	valvonut	valvottu
2nd	inessive2	valvoessa	valvottaessa	agent4	valvoma
		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st valvoessani valvoessamme 2nd valvoessasi valvoessanne 3rd valvoessaan valvoessansa		negative	valvomaton
	instructive	valvoen	—	1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). 3) Some uses of the verbal noun are called the 'fourth infinitive' by certain sources (more details). 4) Usually with a possessive suffix. May not be used with all verbs, especially intransitive ones (more details). Distinct from nouns with the -ma suffix and third infinitive forms.
3rd	inessive	valvomassa	—
	elative	valvomasta	—
	illative	valvomaan	—
	adessive	valvomalla	—
	abessive	valvomatta	—
	instructive	valvoman	valvottaman
4th3	verbal noun	valvominen
5th1		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st valvomaisillani valvomaisillamme 2nd valvomaisillasi valvomaisillanne 3rd valvomaisillaan valvomaisillansa

Synonyms

• (to oversee, supervise, superintend): tarkkailla
• (to watch, keep an eye): katsoa

Derived terms

• etävalvoa

 

adjectives

• valvomaton

 

nouns

• valvatti
• valve
• valvoja
• valvojaiset
• valvominen
• valvomo
• valvonta
• valvuri

 

phrases

• valvoa yötä myöten

 

verbs

• valvoskella
• valvottaa

 

References

• “valvama”, in [ETY] Eesti etümoloogiasõnaraamat [Estonian Etymological Dictionary] (in Estonian) (online version), Tallinn: Eesti Keele Sihtasutus (Estonian Language Foundation), 2012

Further reading

• “valvoa”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[2] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-04

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *valvodak. Cognates include Finnish valvoa and Votic valvoa.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑ/, [ˈʋɑɫʋo̞]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈʋɑlʋoɑ/, [ˈʋɑɫʋo̞ɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑlʋoː, -ɑlʋoɑ
• Hyphenation: val‧vo‧a

Verb

valvoa

1. (intransitive) to stay up (not go to bed)

Conjugation

Conjugation of valvoa (type 1/ampua, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	valvon	en valvo	1st singular	oon valvont, oon valvonut	en oo valvont, en oo valvonut
2nd singular	valvot	et valvo	2nd singular	oot valvont, oot valvonut	et oo valvont, et oo valvonut
3rd singular	valvoo	ei valvo	3rd singular	ono valvont, ono valvonut	ei oo valvont, ei oo valvonut
1st plural	valvomma	emmä valvo	1st plural	oomma valvoneet	emmä oo valvoneet
2nd plural	valvotta	että valvo	2nd plural	ootta valvoneet	että oo valvoneet
3rd plural	valvoot1), valvovat2), valvotaa	evät valvo, ei valvota	3rd plural	ovat valvoneet	evät oo valvoneet, ei oo valvottu
impersonal	valvotaa	ei valvota	impersonal	ono valvottu	ei oo valvottu
Imperfekta			Pluskvamperfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	valvoin	en valvont, en valvonut	1st singular	olin valvont, olin valvonut	en olt valvont, en olt valvonut
2nd singular	valvoit	et valvont, et valvonut	2nd singular	olit valvont, olit valvonut	et olt valvont, et olt valvonut
3rd singular	valvoi	ei valvont, ei valvonut	3rd singular	oli valvont, oli valvonut	ei olt valvont, ei olt valvonut
1st plural	valvoimma	emmä valvoneet	1st plural	olimma valvoneet	emmä olleet valvoneet
2nd plural	valvoitta	että valvoneet	2nd plural	olitta valvoneet	että olleet valvoneet
3rd plural	valvoit1), valvoivat2), valvottii	evät valvoneet, ei valvottu	3rd plural	olivat valvoneet	evät olleet valvoneet, ei olt valvottu
impersonal	valvottii	ei valvottu	impersonal	oli valvottu	ei olt valvottu
Konditsionala
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	valvoisin	en valvois	1st singular	olisin valvont, olisin valvonut	en olis valvont, en olis valvonut
2nd singular	valvoisit, valvoist1)	et valvois	2nd singular	olisit valvont, olisit valvonut	et olis valvont, et olis valvonut
3rd singular	valvois	ei valvois	3rd singular	olis valvont, olis valvonut	ei olis valvont, ei olis valvonut
1st plural	valvoisimma	emmä valvois	1st plural	olisimma valvoneet	emmä olis valvoneet
2nd plural	valvoisitta	että valvois	2nd plural	olisitta valvoneet	että olis valvoneet
3rd plural	valvoisiit1), valvoisivat2), valvottais	evät valvois, ei valvottais	3rd plural	olisivat valvoneet	evät olis valvoneet, ei olis valvottu
impersonal	valvottais	ei valvottais	impersonal	olis valvottu	ei olis valvottu
Imperativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	—	—	1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	valvo	elä valvo	2nd singular	oo valvont, oo valvonut	elä oo valvont, elä oo valvonut
3rd singular	valvokoo	elköö valvoko	3rd singular	olkoo valvont, olkoo valvonut	elköö olko valvont, elköö olko valvonut
1st plural	—	—	1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	valvokaa	elkää valvoko	2nd plural	olkaa valvoneet	elkää olko valvoneet
3rd plural	valvokoot	elkööt valvoko, elköö valvottako	3rd plural	olkoot valvoneet	elkööt olko valvoneet, elköö olko valvottu
impersonal	valvottakkoo	elköö valvottako	impersonal	olkoo valvottu	elköö olko valvottu
Potentsiala
Preesens
	positive	negative
1st singular	valvonen	en valvone
2nd singular	valvonet	et valvone
3rd singular	valvonoo	ei valvone
1st plural	valvonemma	emmä valvone
2nd plural	valvonetta	että valvone
3rd plural	valvonoot	evät valvone, ei valvottane
impersonal	valvottannoo	ei valvottane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat			Partisipat
				active	passive
1st		valvoa	present	valvova	valvottava
2nd	inessive	valvojees	past	valvont, valvonut	valvottu
	instructive	valvoen	1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (valvokaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd	illative	valvomaa
	inessive	valvomaas
	elative	valvomast
	abessive	valvomata
4th	nominative	valvomiin
	partitive	valvomista, valvomist

References

• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 638

Votic

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *valvodak.

Pronunciation

• (Luutsa, Liivtšülä) IPA^(key): /ˈvɑlvoɑ̯/, [ˈvɑɫvoɑ̯]
• Rhymes: -ɑlvoɑ̯
• Hyphenation: val‧voa

Verb

valvoa

1. (intransitive) to stay awake, stay up, not go to bed

Inflection

Conjugation of valvoa (type II-1/kuttsua, no gradation)
Indicative
Present			Perfect
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	valvon	en valvo	1st singular	õõn valvonnu	en õõ valvonnu
2nd singular	valvod	ed valvo	2nd singular	õõd valvonnu	ed õõ valvonnu
3rd singular	valvob	eb valvo	3rd singular	on valvonnu	eb õõ valvonnu
1st plural	valvommõ	emmä valvo	1st plural	õõmmõ valvonnu	emmä õõ valvonnu
2nd plural	valvottõ	että valvo	2nd plural	õõttõ valvonnu	että õõ valvonnu
3rd plural	valvota	eväd valvo	3rd plural	õlla valvottu	eväd õõ valvottu
impersonal	valvota	eväd valvo	impersonal	õlla valvottu	eväd õõ valvottu
Imperfect			Pluperfect
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	valvozin	en valvonnu	1st singular	õlin valvonnu	—
2nd singular	valvozid	ed valvonnu	2nd singular	õlid valvonnu	—
3rd singular	valvo	eb valvonnu	3rd singular	õli valvonnu	—
1st plural	valvozimmõ	emmä valvonnu	1st plural	õlimmõ valvonnu	—
2nd plural	valvozittõ	että valvonnu	2nd plural	õlittõ valvonnu	—
3rd plural	valvotti	eväd valvottu	3rd plural	õlti valvottu	—
impersonal	valvotti	eväd valvottu	impersonal	õlti valvottu	—
Conditional
Present			Perfect
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	valvoizin	en valvoizʹ	1st singular	õllõizin valvonnu	en õllõizʹ valvonnu
2nd singular	valvoizid	ed valvoizʹ	2nd singular	õllõizid valvonnu	ed õllõizʹ valvonnu
3rd singular	valvoizʹ	eb valvoizʹ	3rd singular	õllõizʹ valvonnu	eb õllõizʹ valvonnu
1st plural	valvoizimmõ	emmä valvoizʹ	1st plural	õllõizimmõ valvonnu	emmä õllõizʹ valvonnu
2nd plural	valvoizittõ	että valvoizʹ	2nd plural	õllõizittõ valvonnu	että õllõizʹ valvonnu
3rd plural	valvottaizʹ	eväd valvottaizʹ	3rd plural	õltaizʹ valvottu	eväd õltaizʹ valvottu
impersonal	valvottaizʹ	eväd valvottaizʹ	impersonal	õltaizʹ valvottu	eväd õltaizʹ valvottu
Imperative
Present
	positive	negative
1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	valvo	elä valvo
3rd singular	valvogo	elko valvogo
1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	valvoga	elka valvoga
3rd plural	valvogod	—
impersonal	—	—
Nominal forms
Infinitives			Participles
				active	passive
1st		valvoa	present	valvojõ1)	—
2nd	illative	valvoma	past	valvonnu	valvottu
	inessive	valvomõz	1) also used as the agent noun
	elative	valvomõssõ
	abessive	valvomõttõ

References

• Hallap, V., Adler, E., Grünberg, S., Leppik, M. (2012) “valvoa”, in Vadja keele sõnaraamat [A dictionary of the Votic language], 2nd edition, Tallinn