Appendix:Finnic telic and atelic verbs

The Finnic languages (such as Finnish and Estonian) distinguish between telic and atelic verbs. Understanding this distinction is necessary in order to speak and write in a grammatically correct way, because the Finnic languages indicate telicity by means of the object's case.

The accusative case is only used for total objects of telic verbs, while atelic and partial objects are expressed in the partitive case. Thus, for atelic verbs, the object is always in the partitive case, while for telic verbs it may be in the accusative case. Negative sentences always use the partitive case for the object.

As an example, in Finnish, the verb rakastaa (“to love”) is often atelic. Thus, to say "I love you", the partitive is used for the object:

Rakastan	sinua.
love-1.SG.PRES	PN-2.SG.PTV
I love	you.

not

Rakastan	*sinut.
love-1.SG.PRES	PN-2.SG.ACC
I love	you.	(intended)

However, the verb may also be used with an accusative, if there is a 'target' or 'goal':

Hän	rakastaa	minut	kuoliaaksi.
PN-3.SG.NOM	love-3.SG.PRES	PN-1.SG.ACC	dead-ADV.TRANSL
He/she	loves	me	to death
"She's going to love me to death. [She loves me so much that it will end up killing me.]"

Some of the verbs that are usually atelic on their own can be used in telic contexts relatively often:

Hän hoiti minut kuntoon. (telic) ― She nursed me to health.

Hän löi maljakkoa. (atelic) ― He hit the vase.

Hän löi maljakon rikki. (telic) ― He hit the vase and it broke.

Olen innostanut hänet opiskelemaan historiaa. (telic) ― I have inspired him to study history.

Some verbs can be either telic or atelic, often depending on whether the action is completed or not:

Ammuin hirven. (accusative) ― I shot (and killed) a moose.

Ammuin hirveä. (partitive) ― I shot (at) a moose.

Kirjoitan kirjan. (accusative) ― I (will) write a book.

Kirjoitan kirjaa. (partitive) ― I am writing a book.

Kirjoitin kirjan. (accusative) ― I wrote a book.

Kirjoitin kirjaa. (partitive) ― I was writing a book.

There are even some verbs which are practically always telic:

Heitin sen. (accusative) ― I threw it.

Heitin sitä. (partitive) ― I threw some of it. (Both verbs are telic, but the former has a total object and latter a partial object.)

Huomasin sen. (accusative) ― I noticed it.

*Huomasin sitä. (partitive) (A partial object makes no sense here.)

In English, telicity for simple past verb phrases is distinguished by whether the duration is expressed with in or for.

I built two houses in an hour. (telic)

I built two houses for an hour. (atelic, the houses were not finished)

I loved you for an hour. (atelic)

*I loved you in an hour. (ungrammatical)

She loved him to death in an hour. (telic)

The telicity of a verb and its equivalent is usually the same in English and the Finnic languages, but there are also differences.

Examples

Language	Telic (accusative)		Atelic (partitive)
	"I found you."	"Did he take it?"	"I love you!"	"What do you see?"
Estonian	Ma leidsin su üles.	Kas ta võttis selle?	Ma armastan sind!	Mida sa näed?
Finnish	Löysin sinut.	Ottiko hän sen?	Minä rakastan sinua!	Mitä näet?
Ingrian	Löysin siun.	Ottik hää sen?	Miä suvvaan sinnua!	Mitä näät?
Karelian	Löyvin sinun.	Ottiko hiän sen?	Minä suvaičen sinuu!	Mitä näet?
Livonian	Ma līediz si’n.	Või ta sīe võtīz?	Ma ārmaztõb sīnda!	Midā sa nǟ’d?
Veps	Löuzin sinun.	Otigo hän sen?	Minä armastan sindai!	Midä näged?
Votic	Leüzin sinu.	Võttiko tämä sene?	Miä suvvan sinnua!	Mitä siä näed?
Võro	Ma lövvi suq.	Kas tää võt' seo?	Ma armasta sinno!	Midä sa näet?

Notes

• The accusative case does not exist as a distinct case in most Finnic languages, and even in those that have it, distinct accusative forms only exist for a small number of words (often just the personal pronouns, or only some of them).
  • Instead, the accusative form corresponds to either the nominative or the genitive form in the singular (which one is used depends on the rules of the specific language, although there are broad similarities) and the nominative form in the plural.
  • In the table above, all 'accusative' forms are genitive singular forms (except for Finnish sinut, although in dialects sinun may also be seen).
• Standard Estonian accusative forms for the first-person and second-person pronouns are sometimes indistinguishable from the partitive forms. The distinction is however preserved with other nominals.