tosquiar

Galician

Alternative forms

tosquear, tusquiar

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese trosquiar (13th century, Cantigas de Santa Maria). Blend of tosar +‎ *esquirar: compare Spanish trasquilar and esquilar, from Gothic *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan), from Proto-Germanic *skeraną (“to shear”).^[1]

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): /toskiˈaɾ/

Verb

tosquiar (first-person singular present tosquío, first-person singular preterite tosquiei, past participle tosquiado)
tosquiar (first-person singular present tosquio, first-person singular preterite tosquiei, past participle tosquiado, reintegrationist norm)

to shear
Synonym: rapar
- c. 1295, Ramón Lorenzo, editor, La traducción gallega de la Crónica General y de la Crónica de Castilla, Ourense: I.E.O.P.F, page 126:
  Mays foy y enga[na]do, ca lle cõteçeu, segũdo diz o prouerbio, com̃o [a]o carneyro que uay buscar laa allea et uem dala trosquiado da sua
  But he was fooled then, because it happened to him, as the proverb says, like to the ram that went there searching for other's wool and comes back sheared

Conjugation

Conjugation of tosquiar (i becomes í when stressed)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	tosquiar
Personal	tosquiar	tosquiares	tosquiar	tosquiarmos	tosquiardes	tosquiaren
Gerund
	tosquiando
Past participle
Masculine	tosquiado			tosquiados
Feminine	tosquiada			tosquiadas
Indicative
Present	tosquío	tosquías	tosquía	tosquiamos	tosquiades	tosquían
Imperfect	tosquiaba	tosquiabas	tosquiaba	tosquiabamos	tosquiabades	tosquiaban
Preterite	tosquiei	tosquiaches	tosquiou	tosquiamos	tosquiastes	tosquiaron
Pluperfect	tosquiara	tosquiaras	tosquiara	tosquiaramos	tosquiarades	tosquiaran
Future	tosquiarei	tosquiarás	tosquiará	tosquiaremos	tosquiaredes	tosquiarán
Conditional	tosquiaría	tosquiarías	tosquiaría	tosquiariamos	tosquiariades	tosquiarían
Subjunctive
Present	tosquíe	tosquíes	tosquíe	tosquiemos	tosquiedes	tosquíen
Imperfect	tosquiase	tosquiases	tosquiase	tosquiásemos	tosquiásedes	tosquiasen
Future	tosquiar	tosquiares	tosquiar	tosquiarmos	tosquiardes	tosquiaren
Imperative
Affirmative		tosquía	tosquíe	tosquiemos	tosquiade	tosquíen
Negative (non)		non tosquíes	non tosquíe	non tosquiemos	non tosquiedes	non tosquíen

Reintegrated conjugation of tosquiar (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	tosquiar
Personal	tosquiar	tosquiares	tosquiar	tosquiarmos	tosquiardes	tosquiarem
Gerund
	tosquiando
Past participle
Masculine	tosquiado			tosquiados
Feminine	tosquiada			tosquiadas
Indicative
Present	tosquio	tosquias	tosquia	tosquiamos	tosquiades, tosquiais	tosquiam
Imperfect	tosquiava	tosquiavas	tosquiava	tosquiávamos	tosquiávades, tosquiáveis, tosquiávais¹	tosquiavam
Preterite	tosquiei	tosquiaste, tosquiache¹	tosquiou	tosquiamos	tosquiastes	tosquiárom, tosquiaram
Pluperfect	tosquiara	tosquiaras	tosquiara	tosquiáramos	tosquiárades, tosquiáreis, tosquiárais¹	tosquiaram
Future	tosquiarei	tosquiarás	tosquiará	tosquiaremos	tosquiaredes, tosquiareis	tosquiarám, tosquiarão
Conditional	tosquiaria	tosquiarias	tosquiaria	tosquiaríamos	tosquiaríades, tosquiaríeis, tosquiaríais¹	tosquiariam
Subjunctive
Present	tosquie	tosquies	tosquie	tosquiemos	tosquiedes, tosquieis	tosquiem
Imperfect	tosquiasse	tosquiasses	tosquiasse	tosquiássemos	tosquiássedes, tosquiásseis	tosquiassem
Future	tosquiar	tosquiares	tosquiar	tosquiarmos	tosquiardes	tosquiarem
Imperative
Affirmative		tosquia	tosquie	tosquiemos	tosquiade, tosquiai	tosquiem
Negative (nom)		nom tosquies	nom tosquie	nom tosquiemos	nom tosquiedes, nom tosquieis	nom tosquiem

¹Less recommended.

References

Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “tosquiar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “trosq”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “tosquiar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “tosquiar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “tosquiar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “esquilar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese trosquiar. Blend of tosar +‎ *esquiar: compare Spanish trasquilar and esquilar, from Gothic *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (*skairan), from Proto-Germanic *skeraną (“to shear”).^[1]

Pronunciation

(Brazil) IPA^(key): /tos.kiˈa(ʁ)/ [tos.kɪˈa(h)], (faster pronunciation) /tosˈkja(ʁ)/ [tosˈkja(h)]
- (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /tos.kiˈa(ɾ)/ [tos.kɪˈa(ɾ)], (faster pronunciation) /tosˈkja(ɾ)/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /toʃ.kiˈa(ʁ)/ [toʃ.kɪˈa(χ)], (faster pronunciation) /toʃˈkja(ʁ)/ [toʃˈkja(χ)]
- (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /tos.kiˈa(ɻ)/ [tos.kɪˈa(ɻ)], (faster pronunciation) /tosˈkja(ɻ)/

(Portugal) IPA^(key): /tuʃˈkjaɾ/
- (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /tuʃˈkja.ɾi/

Verb

tosquiar (first-person singular present tosquio, first-person singular preterite tosquiei, past participle tosquiado)

to shear (remove the fleece from sheep)
Synonyms: (Rio Grande do Sul) esquilar, tosar

Conjugation

Conjugation of tosquiar (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	tosquiar
Personal	tosquiar	tosquiares	tosquiar	tosquiarmos	tosquiardes	tosquiarem
Gerund
	tosquiando
Past participle
Masculine	tosquiado			tosquiados
Feminine	tosquiada			tosquiadas
Indicative
Present	tosquio	tosquias	tosquia	tosquiamos	tosquiais	tosquiam
Imperfect	tosquiava	tosquiavas	tosquiava	tosquiávamos	tosquiáveis	tosquiavam
Preterite	tosquiei	tosquiaste	tosquiou	tosquiamos¹, tosquiámos²	tosquiastes	tosquiaram
Pluperfect	tosquiara	tosquiaras	tosquiara	tosquiáramos	tosquiáreis	tosquiaram
Future	tosquiarei	tosquiarás	tosquiará	tosquiaremos	tosquiareis	tosquiarão
Conditional	tosquiaria	tosquiarias	tosquiaria	tosquiaríamos	tosquiaríeis	tosquiariam
Subjunctive
Present	tosquie	tosquies	tosquie	tosquiemos	tosquieis	tosquiem
Imperfect	tosquiasse	tosquiasses	tosquiasse	tosquiássemos	tosquiásseis	tosquiassem
Future	tosquiar	tosquiares	tosquiar	tosquiarmos	tosquiardes	tosquiarem
Imperative
Affirmative		tosquia	tosquie	tosquiemos	tosquiai	tosquiem
Negative (não)		não tosquies	não tosquie	não tosquiemos	não tosquieis	não tosquiem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

References

^ Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “esquilar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

[1] Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “esquilar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

[2] Joan Coromines, José A[ntonio] Pascual (1983–1991) “esquilar”, in Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico [Critical Castilian and Hispanic Etymological Dictionary] (in Spanish), Madrid: Gredos

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