prohibeo

Latin

Etymology

From prō- +‎ habeō (“I have”). Compare Old English forhealdan for the formation.

Pronunciation

(Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /proˈhi.be.oː/, [proˈ(ɦ)ɪbeoː]
(modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /proˈi.be.o/, [proˈiːbeo]

Verb

prohibeō (present infinitive prohibēre, perfect active prohibuī, supine prohibitum); second conjugation

to hold back or before, keep or ward off, restrain; avert; prevent, hinder
Synonyms: impediō, obstō, moror, arceō, cohibeō, supprimō, cūnctor, contineō, dētineō, retineō, refrēnō, tardō, intersaepiō, inclūdō, perimō, obstō, officiō
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.540–541:
  “Hospitiō prohibēmur harēnae;
  bella cient, prīmāque vetant cōnsistere terrā.”
  “We [Trojans] are being kept back from the refuge of the beach; [the Carthaginians] provoke hostilities, and they forbid [us] to set foot on the first [part of your] land [i.e., the shoreline].”
  (Trojan envoy Ilioneus is addressing Queen Dido.)
to forbid, prohibit
Synonyms: abdīcō, vetō
to keep, preserve, defend, protect
Synonyms: salvō, tūtor, vindicō, servō, cū̆stōdiō, sospitō, teneō, adimō, prōtegō, tegō, adsum, sustineō, dēfendō, tueor, arceō

Antonyms: immineō, īnstō, obiectō
- 29 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Aeneid 1.525:
  “ōrāmus prohibē īnfandōs ā nāvibus ignīs”
  “We beg [you]: Keep dreadful fires [away] from [our] ships!”
  (Ilioneus petitions Queen Dido to protect the Trojan fleet now moored near Carthage.)
to keep someone (accusative) off something (ablative)
- c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico VII.14:
  ut pabulatione et commeatu Romani prohibeantur
  So that the Romans should be prohibited from foraging and procuring the provisions

Conjugation

Conjugation of prohibeō (second conjugation)

indicative		singular			plural
indicative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	prohibeō	prohibēs	prohibet	prohibēmus	prohibētis	prohibent
	imperfect	prohibēbam	prohibēbās	prohibēbat	prohibēbāmus	prohibēbātis	prohibēbant
	future	prohibēbō	prohibēbis	prohibēbit	prohibēbimus	prohibēbitis	prohibēbunt
	perfect	prohibuī	prohibuistī	prohibuit	prohibuimus	prohibuistis	prohibuērunt, prohibuēre
	pluperfect	prohibueram	prohibuerās	prohibuerat	prohibuerāmus	prohibuerātis	prohibuerant
	future perfect	prohibuerō	prohibueris	prohibuerit	prohibuerimus	prohibueritis	prohibuerint
	sigmatic future¹	prohibēssō	prohibēssis	prohibēssit	prohibēssimus	prohibēssitis	prohibēssint
passive	present	prohibeor	prohibēris, prohibēre	prohibētur	prohibēmur	prohibēminī	prohibentur
	imperfect	prohibēbar	prohibēbāris, prohibēbāre	prohibēbātur	prohibēbāmur	prohibēbāminī	prohibēbantur
	future	prohibēbor	prohibēberis, prohibēbere	prohibēbitur	prohibēbimur	prohibēbiminī	prohibēbuntur
	perfect	prohibitus + present active indicative of sum
	pluperfect	prohibitus + imperfect active indicative of sum
	future perfect	prohibitus + future active indicative of sum
subjunctive		singular			plural
subjunctive		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	prohibeam	prohibeās	prohibeat	prohibeāmus	prohibeātis	prohibeant
imperfect	prohibērem	prohibērēs	prohibēret	prohibērēmus	prohibērētis	prohibērent
perfect	prohibuerim	prohibuerīs	prohibuerit	prohibuerīmus	prohibuerītis	prohibuerint
pluperfect	prohibuissem	prohibuissēs	prohibuisset	prohibuissēmus	prohibuissētis	prohibuissent
sigmatic aorist¹	prohibēssim	prohibēssīs	prohibēssīt	prohibēssīmus	prohibēssītis	prohibēssint
passive	present	prohibear	prohibeāris, prohibeāre	prohibeātur	prohibeāmur	prohibeāminī	prohibeantur
imperfect	prohibērer	prohibērēris, prohibērēre	prohibērētur	prohibērēmur	prohibērēminī	prohibērentur
perfect	prohibitus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect	prohibitus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative		singular			plural
imperative		first	second	third	first	second	third
active	present	—	prohibē	—	—	prohibēte	—
active	future	—	prohibētō	prohibētō	—	prohibētōte	prohibentō
passive	present	—	prohibēre	—	—	prohibēminī	—
passive	future	—	prohibētor	prohibētor	—	—	prohibentor
non-finite forms		active			passive
non-finite forms		present	perfect	future	present	perfect	future
infinitives		prohibēre	prohibuisse	prohibitūrum esse	prohibērī	prohibitum esse	prohibitum īrī
participles		prohibēns	—	prohibitūrus	—	prohibitus	prohibendus
verbal nouns		gerund				supine
		genitive	dative	accusative	ablative	accusative	ablative
		prohibendī	prohibendō	prohibendum	prohibendō	prohibitum	prohibitū

¹At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").

Old forms:

subjunctive perfect active: prohibessis, prohibessit, prohibessint

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

→ Catalan: prohibir
→ English: prohibit
→ French: prohiber
→ Galician: prohibir
→ Italian: proibire
- → Neapolitan: proibbire
→ Occitan: proïbir
→ Portuguese: proibir
- Papiamentu: prohibí
→ Romanian: prohibi
→ Spanish: prohibir

References

“prohibeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
“prohibeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
prohibeo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
- heaven forfend: di prohibeant, di meliora!
- to welcome to one's house (opp. to shut one's door against some one): tecto, (in) domum suam aliquem recipere (opp. prohibere aliquem tecto, domo)
- to strike off the burgess-roll: censu prohibere, excludere
- to cut off all supplies of the enemy: intercludere, prohibere hostes commeatu
- to be unable to land: portu, terra prohiberi (B. C. 3. 15)