pakana

Finnish

Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ), from Latin pāgānus.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈpɑkɑnɑ/, [ˈpɑ̝kɑ̝nɑ̝]
• Rhymes: -ɑkɑnɑ
• Hyphenation^(key): pa‧ka‧na

Noun

pakana

1. pagan; heathen; gentile

Declension

Inflection of pakana (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)
nominative		pakana	pakanat
genitive		pakanan	pakanoiden pakanoitten
partitive		pakanaa	pakanoita
illative		pakanaan	pakanoihin
		singular	plural
nominative		pakana	pakanat
accusative	nom.	pakana	pakanat
	gen.	pakanan
genitive		pakanan	pakanoiden pakanoitten pakanain rare
partitive		pakanaa	pakanoita
inessive		pakanassa	pakanoissa
elative		pakanasta	pakanoista
illative		pakanaan	pakanoihin
adessive		pakanalla	pakanoilla
ablative		pakanalta	pakanoilta
allative		pakanalle	pakanoille
essive		pakanana	pakanoina
translative		pakanaksi	pakanoiksi
abessive		pakanatta	pakanoitta
instructive		—	pakanoin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of pakana (Kotus type 12/kulkija, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pakanani pakanani accusative nom. pakanani pakanani gen. pakanani genitive pakanani pakanoideni pakanoitteni pakanaini rare partitive pakanaani pakanoitani inessive pakanassani pakanoissani elative pakanastani pakanoistani illative pakanaani pakanoihini adessive pakanallani pakanoillani ablative pakanaltani pakanoiltani allative pakanalleni pakanoilleni essive pakananani pakanoinani translative pakanakseni pakanoikseni abessive pakanattani pakanoittani instructive — — comitative — pakanoineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative pakanasi pakanasi accusative nom. pakanasi pakanasi gen. pakanasi genitive pakanasi pakanoidesi pakanoittesi pakanaisi rare partitive pakanaasi pakanoitasi inessive pakanassasi pakanoissasi elative pakanastasi pakanoistasi illative pakanaasi pakanoihisi adessive pakanallasi pakanoillasi ablative pakanaltasi pakanoiltasi allative pakanallesi pakanoillesi essive pakananasi pakanoinasi translative pakanaksesi pakanoiksesi abessive pakanattasi pakanoittasi instructive — — comitative — pakanoinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pakanamme pakanamme accusative nom. pakanamme pakanamme gen. pakanamme genitive pakanamme pakanoidemme pakanoittemme pakanaimme rare partitive pakanaamme pakanoitamme inessive pakanassamme pakanoissamme elative pakanastamme pakanoistamme illative pakanaamme pakanoihimme adessive pakanallamme pakanoillamme ablative pakanaltamme pakanoiltamme allative pakanallemme pakanoillemme essive pakananamme pakanoinamme translative pakanaksemme pakanoiksemme abessive pakanattamme pakanoittamme instructive — — comitative — pakanoinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative pakananne pakananne accusative nom. pakananne pakananne gen. pakananne genitive pakananne pakanoidenne pakanoittenne pakanainne rare partitive pakanaanne pakanoitanne inessive pakanassanne pakanoissanne elative pakanastanne pakanoistanne illative pakanaanne pakanoihinne adessive pakanallanne pakanoillanne ablative pakanaltanne pakanoiltanne allative pakanallenne pakanoillenne essive pakanananne pakanoinanne translative pakanaksenne pakanoiksenne abessive pakanattanne pakanoittanne instructive — — comitative — pakanoinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative pakanansa pakanansa accusative nom. pakanansa pakanansa gen. pakanansa genitive pakanansa pakanoidensa pakanoittensa pakanainsa rare partitive pakanaansa pakanoitaan pakanoitansa inessive pakanassaan pakanassansa pakanoissaan pakanoissansa elative pakanastaan pakanastansa pakanoistaan pakanoistansa illative pakanaansa pakanoihinsa adessive pakanallaan pakanallansa pakanoillaan pakanoillansa ablative pakanaltaan pakanaltansa pakanoiltaan pakanoiltansa allative pakanalleen pakanallensa pakanoilleen pakanoillensa essive pakananaan pakananansa pakanoinaan pakanoinansa translative pakanakseen pakanaksensa pakanoikseen pakanoiksensa abessive pakanattaan pakanattansa pakanoittaan pakanoittansa instructive — — comitative — pakanoineen pakanoinensa

Derived terms

• pakanallinen
• pakanasti
• pakanuus

compounds

• pakanakristitty
• pakanamaa
• pakanauskonto
• uuspakana

Further reading

• “pakana”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-03

Anagrams

• pankaa

Ingrian

Etymology

Borrowed from Old East Slavic поганъ (poganŭ). Cognates include Finnish pakana and Estonian pagan.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑkɑnɑ/, [ˈpɑkɑn]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈpɑkɑːnɑ/, [ˈpɑkˑɑːnɑ]
• Rhymes: -ɑkɑn, -ɑkɑːnɑ
• Hyphenation: pa‧ka‧na

Noun

pakana

1. heathen
2. abomination (disgusting food)

Adjective

pakana (comparative pakanamp)

1. evil
2. heathen

Declension

Declension of pakana (type 3/kana, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	pakana	pakanat
genitive	pakanan	pakanoin
partitive	pakanaa	pakanoja
illative	pakanaa	pakanoihe
inessive	pakanaas	pakanois
elative	pakanast	pakanoist
allative	pakanalle	pakanoille
adessive	pakanaal	pakanoil
ablative	pakanalt	pakanoilt
translative	pakanaks	pakanoiks
essive	pakananna, pakanaan	pakanoinna, pakanoin
exessive1)	pakanant	pakanoint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

References

• Fedor Tumansky (1790) “пагана”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 675
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 377

Swahili

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu [Term?].

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-pakana (infinitive kupakana)

1. to border, to share a border

Conjugation

Conjugation of -pakana
Positive present -napakana Subjunctive -pakane Negative -pakani Imperative singular pakana
Infinitives
Positive kupakana Negative kutopakana
Imperatives
Singular pakana Plural pakaneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hupakana Positive past positive subject concord + -lipakana Negative past negative subject concord + -kupakana
Positive present (positive subject concord + -napakana) Singular Plural 1st person ninapakana/napakana tunapakana 2nd person unapakana mnapakana 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anapakana wanapakana other classes positive subject concord + -napakana
Negative present (negative subject concord + -pakani) Singular Plural 1st person sipakani hatupakani 2nd person hupakani hampakani 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hapakani hawapakani other classes negative subject concord + -pakani
Positive future positive subject concord + -tapakana Negative future negative subject concord + -tapakana
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -pakane) Singular Plural 1st person nipakane tupakane 2nd person upakane mpakane 3rd person m-wa(I/II) apakane wapakane other classes positive subject concord + -pakane
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sipakane Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngepakana Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singepakana Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalipakana Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalipakana
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -apakana) Singular Plural 1st person napakana twapakana 2nd person wapakana mwapakana 3rd person m-wa(I/II) apakana wapakana m-mi(III/IV) wapakana yapakana ji-ma(V/VI) lapakana yapakana ki-vi(VII/VIII) chapakana vyapakana n(IX/X) yapakana zapakana u(XI) wapakana see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwapakana pa(XVI) papakana mu(XVIII) mwapakana
Perfect positive subject concord + -mepakana "Already" positive subject concord + -meshapakana "Not yet" negative subject concord + -japakana "If/When" positive subject concord + -kipakana "If not" positive subject concord + -sipopakana Consecutive kapakana / positive subject concord + -kapakana Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kapakane
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nipakana -tupakana 2nd person -kupakana -wapakana/-kupakaneni/-wapakaneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mpakana -wapakana m-mi(III/IV) -upakana -ipakana ji-ma(V/VI) -lipakana -yapakana ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kipakana -vipakana n(IX/X) -ipakana -zipakana u(XI) -upakana see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kupakana pa(XVI) -papakana mu(XVIII) -mupakana Reflexive -jipakana
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -pakana- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -pakanaye -pakanao m-mi(III/IV) -pakanao -pakanayo ji-ma(V/VI) -pakanalo -pakanayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -pakanacho -pakanavyo n(IX/X) -pakanayo -pakanazo u(XI) -pakanao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -pakanako pa(XVI) -pakanapo mu(XVIII) -pakanamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -pakana) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yepakana -opakana m-mi(III/IV) -opakana -yopakana ji-ma(V/VI) -lopakana -yopakana ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chopakana -vyopakana n(IX/X) -yopakana -zopakana u(XI) -opakana see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kopakana pa(XVI) -popakana mu(XVIII) -mopakana
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -pakania
  • Causative: -pakanisha
  • Stative: -pakanika

Tagalog

Etymology

From pa- +‎ kana.

Pronunciation

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /pakaˈnaʔ/ [pɐ.xɐˈn̪aʔ]
• Rhymes: -aʔ
• Syllabification: pa‧ka‧na

Noun

pakanâ (Baybayin spelling ᜉᜃᜈ)

1. advantage; benefit

   Synonym: pakinabang

2. determination
3. goal; objective

   Synonym: layunin

4. plot; evil scheme; conspiracy; stratagem

   Synonyms: masamang balak, kutsabahan

5. (by extension) idea; invention

   Synonym: kaisipan

6. intention to deceive

   Synonyms: daya, loko

Derived terms

• kapakanan

Anagrams

• napaka-