jꜥr

Egyptian

Etymology

Speculatively, from Proto-Afroasiatic *ʕal-; as with other attempts at reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic, academic consensus is lacking. If so, perhaps compare Hebrew עָלָה (ʕālā, “to ascend, rise, go up”), Arabic عَلِيَ (ʕaliya, “to be high, exalted”), عَلَى (ʕalā, “to climb”), Tarifit aři (“to climb, ascend”), Central Atlas Tamazight ⴰⵍⵢ (aly, “to climb, go up”)

Pronunciation

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /iɑːr/
  • Conventional anglicization: iar

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (intransitive) to ascend (+ r: to (a place or (less often) person); + n to (a person or (less often) place)) [since the Pyramid Texts]
2. (intransitive, of royal dignity) to arise [18th Dynasty]
3. (intransitive, of a wound) to extend, to penetrate (+ n: to (bone, etc.))
4. (intransitive, with n, m, or ḫr) to approach, to come to (someone or something)
5. (transitive) to approach, to come to (someone or something) [Greco-Roman Period]
6. (transitive) to take up (someone or something) to oneself, to lift [Greco-Roman Period]

Inflection

Conjugation of jꜥr (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: jꜥr, geminated stem: jꜥrr

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
jꜥr	jꜥrw, jꜥr	jꜥrt	jꜥr	jꜥr

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
jꜥr	ḥr jꜥr	m jꜥr	r jꜥr

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	contingent
		aspect / mood	active
perfect	jꜥr.n	consecutive	jꜥr.jn
terminative	jꜥrt
perfective3	jꜥr	obligative1	jꜥr.ḫr
imperfective	jꜥr
prospective3	jꜥr	potentialis1	jꜥr.kꜣ
subjunctive	jꜥr

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms	participles
	active	active	passive
perfect	jꜥr.n	—	—
perfective	jꜥr	jꜥr	jꜥr, jꜥrw5, jꜥry5
imperfective	jꜥr, jꜥry, jꜥrw5	jꜥr, jꜥrj6, jꜥry6	jꜥr, jꜥrw5
prospective	jꜥr, jꜥrtj7	jꜥrtj4, jꜥrt4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of jꜥr  

jꜥr	jꜥ	jꜥ	ꜥr	ꜥr	ꜥr
	[Old Kingdom]	[Old Kingdom]	[since the Old Kingdom]	[since the New Kingdom]	[since the New Kingdom]
			most common form since the New Kingdom

Derived terms

• jꜥrt
• ꜥr
• ꜥrw
• sꜥr

Descendants

• Demotic: ꜥl, ꜥr
  • Akhmimic Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)
  • Bohairic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏⲓ (alēi), ⲱⲗⲓ (ōli)
  • Fayyumic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲏ (alē), ⲱⲗ (ōl)
  • Lycopolitan Coptic: ⲱⲗ (ōl)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ⲁⲗⲉ (ale), ⲱⲗ (ōl)

References

• “jꜥr (lemma ID 21770)”, in Thesaurus Linguae Aegyptiae‎^[1], Corpus issue 18, Web app version 2.1.5, Tonio Sebastian Richter & Daniel A. Werning by order of the Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften and Hans-Werner Fischer-Elfert & Peter Dils by order of the Sächsische Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Leipzig, 2004–26 July 2023
• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1926) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[2], volume 1, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 41.14–41.25
• Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN, pages 10–11, 45