ḫr

See also: Appendix:Variations of "hr"

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (preposition): (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /χuɾ/ → /χuʔ/ → /χuʔ/ → /χøʔ/

• (preposition): (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /χuɾ/
• (preposition): (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /χuʔ/
• (preposition): (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /χuʔ/
• (preposition): (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /χøʔ/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /xɛr/
  • Conventional anglicization: kher

Etymology 1

Preposition

1. in the presence of
2. into the presence of, to
3. by, through the choice or presence of

Usage notes

This preposition is used when the object is someone of higher status, such as a king or a god, relating one person to another when social customs prohibit specifying a direct relationship. Thus, one does not speak ‘to’ (n) a god, but ‘in the presence of’ (ḫr) him.

Derived terms

• jmꜣḫy ḫr
• jmꜣḫw-ḫr-nṯr-ꜥꜣ
• ḫrj
• ḫr ḥm n
• ḫrt

Descendants

• Bohairic Coptic: ϩⲁ- (ha-), ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗ (haro⸗)
• Sahidic Coptic: ϩⲁ- (ha-), ϩⲁⲣⲟ⸗ (haro⸗)

Etymology 2

Particle

 proclitic

1. (with following subjunctive or nonverbal predicate) then, and then, so; introduces a subordinate clause describing the inevitable result of an action in a preceding clause
2. (with following suffix pronoun/subject and imperfective) must, has to; introduces a subordinate clause describing a necessity
3. (introducing a prepositional phrase) then; also functions as a converter to allow a prepositional phrase to begin a sentence

Usage notes

In Middle Egyptian this particle is commonly used with a following subject and imperfective to denote necessity but only rarely with a following subjunctive to denote inevitable result.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫr  

jḫr	ḫr

Derived terms

• .ḫr

Etymology 3

Possibly derived from ḫrw (“voice”).

Particle

 quotative

1. (with following suffix pronoun, and optionally also noun, indicating the speaker) marks a non-future direct quotation; says, said

Usage notes

Like the other quotatives kꜣ, jn, and ḫrw.fj, this word either follows the entire quotation that it marks or is inserted near its start (but never at its start).

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of ḫr  

ḫrw	ḫrw	ḫrw

Derived terms

• ḫrw.fj

Etymology 4

Compare Arabic خَرَّ (ḵarra, “to fall”).

Verb

 2-lit.

1. (intransitive) to fall
   • c. 1550 BCE – 1295 BCE, Great Hymn to Osiris (Stela of Amenmose, Louvre C 286) lines 21–22:

     mꜣꜥ.n.sn n zꜣ ꜣst ḫft(j).f ḫr n qn.f

     To the son of Isis they have delivered his adversary, fallen through his (own) violence.

2. (transitive) to fell

Inflection

Conjugation of ḫr (biliteral / 2-lit. / 2rad.) — base stem: ḫr, geminated stem: ḫrr

infinitival forms imperative infinitive negatival complement complementary infinitive1 singular plural ḫr ḫrw, ḫr ḫrt ḫr, j.ḫr ḫr, j.ḫr ‘pseudoverbal’ forms stative stem periphrastic imperfective2 periphrastic prospective2 ḫr ḥr ḫr m ḫr r ḫr suffix conjugation aspect / mood active passive contingent aspect / mood active passive perfect ḫr.n ḫrw, ḫr consecutive ḫr.jn active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 terminative ḫrt perfective3 ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 obligative1 ḫr.ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 imperfective ḫr, j.ḫr1 active + .tj1, .tw2 prospective3 ḫr ḫrr potentialis1 ḫr.kꜣ active + .tj1, .tw2 active + .tj1, .tw2 subjunctive ḫr, j.ḫr1 active + .tj1, .tw2 verbal adjectives aspect / mood relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms participles active passive active passive perfect ḫr.n active + .tj1, .tw2 — — perfective ḫr active + .tj1, .tw2 ḫr ḫrr, ḫrrj6, ḫr2, ḫrw2 5, ḫry2 5 imperfective j.ḫr1, ḫr, ḫry, ḫrw5 active + .tj1, .tw2 j.ḫr1, j.ḫrw1 5, ḫr, ḫrj6, ḫry6 ḫr, ḫrw5 prospective ḫr, ḫrtj7 — ḫrtj4, ḫrt4 1 Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. 2 Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. 3 Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. 4 Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. 5 Only in the masculine singular. 6 Only in the masculine. 7 Only in the feminine.

Derived terms

• sḫr

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 88–89, 195, 273, 319–320.