crom

See also: Crom and cróm

Catalan

Chemical element
Cr
Previous: vanadi (V)
Next: manganès (Mn)

Etymology

Borrowed from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrew- (“to grind, rub”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic, Valencia) [ˈkɾom]

• Audio (Valencia):

  (file)

Noun

crom m (uncountable)

1. chromium

Further reading

• “crom” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Irish

Etymology

From Middle Irish cromm, from Old Irish cromb (“bent, stooped”), from Proto-Celtic *krumbos, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz (whence German krumm and Dutch krom). The verb is from Old Irish crommaid (“to bend down, stoop”), from the adjective.

Pronunciation

• (Munster) IPA^(key): /kɾˠɑumˠ/, /kɾˠʊmˠ/
• (Connacht) IPA^(key): /kɾˠuːmˠ/, /kɾˠʊmˠ/
• (Mayo) IPA^(key): /kɾˠʊmˠ/
• (Ulster) IPA^(key): /kɾˠʌmˠ/

Adjective

crom (genitive singular masculine croim, genitive singular feminine croime, plural croma, comparative croime)

1. bent down, bent over, stooped, hunched

Declension

Declension of crom

	singular		plural (m/f)
Positive	masculine	feminine	(strong noun)	(weak noun)
nominative	crom	chrom	croma; chroma2
vocative	chroim		croma
genitive		croime	croma	crom
dative	crom; chrom1	chrom; chroim (archaic)	croma; chroma2
Comparative	níos croime
Superlative	is croime

¹ When the preceding noun is lenited and governed by the definite article.
² When the preceding noun ends in a slender consonant.

Verb

crom (present analytic cromann, future analytic cromfaidh, verbal noun cromadh, past participle cromtha)

1. to bend over, stoop

Conjugation

conjugation of crom (first conjugation – A)

		singular			plural			relative	autonomous
		first	second	third	first	second	third
indicative	present	cromaim	cromann tú; cromair†	cromann sé, sí	cromaimid	cromann sibh	cromann siad; cromaid†	a chromann; a chromas / a gcromann*	cromtar
	past	chrom mé; chromas	chrom tú; chromais	chrom sé, sí	chromamar; chrom muid	chrom sibh; chromabhair	chrom siad; chromadar	a chrom / ar chrom*	cromadh
	past habitual	chromainn / gcromainn‡‡	chromtá / gcromtᇇ	chromadh sé, sí / gcromadh sé, s퇇	chromaimis; chromadh muid / gcromaimis‡‡; gcromadh muid‡‡	chromadh sibh / gcromadh sibh‡‡	chromaidís; chromadh siad / gcromaidís‡‡; gcromadh siad‡‡	a chromadh / a gcromadh*	chromtaí / gcromta퇇
future		cromfaidh mé; cromfad	cromfaidh tú; cromfair†	cromfaidh sé, sí	cromfaimid; cromfaidh muid	cromfaidh sibh	cromfaidh siad; cromfaid†	a chromfaidh; a chromfas / a gcromfaidh*	cromfar
conditional		chromfainn / gcromfainn‡‡	chromfá / gcromfᇇ	chromfadh sé, sí / gcromfadh sé, s퇇	chromfaimis; chromfadh muid / gcromfaimis‡‡; gcromfadh muid‡‡	chromfadh sibh / gcromfadh sibh‡‡	chromfaidís; chromfadh siad / gcromfaidís‡‡; gcromfadh siad‡‡	a chromfadh / a gcromfadh*	chromfaí / gcromfa퇇
subjunctive	present	go gcroma mé; go gcromad†	go gcroma tú; go gcromair†	go gcroma sé, sí	go gcromaimid; go gcroma muid	go gcroma sibh	go gcroma siad; go gcromaid†	—	go gcromtar
	past	dá gcromainn	dá gcromtá	dá gcromadh sé, sí	dá gcromaimis; dá gcromadh muid	dá gcromadh sibh	dá gcromaidís; dá gcromadh siad	—	dá gcromtaí
imperative		cromaim	crom	cromadh sé, sí	cromaimis	cromaigí; cromaidh†	cromaidís	—	cromtar
verbal noun		cromadh
past participle		cromtha

* indirect relative
† archaic or dialect form
‡‡ dependent form used with particles that trigger eclipsis

Mutation

Mutated forms of crom

radical	lenition	eclipsis
crom	chrom	gcrom

Note: Certain mutated forms of some words can never occur in standard Modern Irish.
All possible mutated forms are displayed for convenience.

Further reading

• Dinneen, Patrick S. (1904) “crom”, in Foclóir Gaeḋilge agus Béarla, 1st edition, Dublin: Irish Texts Society, page 199
• Ó Dónaill, Niall (1977) “crom”, in Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla, Dublin: An Gúm, →ISBN
• de Bhaldraithe, Tomás (1959) “crom”, in English-Irish Dictionary, An Gúm
• “crom”, in New English-Irish Dictionary, Foras na Gaeilge, 2013-2024

Middle Dutch

Etymology

From Old Dutch *krumb, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz.

Adjective

crom

1. bent, not straight
2. wrong (morally)

Inflection

Adjective
		Masculine	Feminine	Neuter	Plural
Nominative	Indefinite	crom	cromme	crom	cromme
	Definite	cromme		cromme
Accusative	Indefinite	crommen	cromme	crom	cromme
	Definite			cromme
Genitive	Indefinite	croms	crommer	croms	crommer
	Definite	croms, crommen		croms, crommen
Dative		crommen	crommer	crommen	crommen

Alternative forms

• cromp

Derived terms

• crommen

Descendants

• Dutch: krom
• Limburgish: krómp

Further reading

• “crombe (II)”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
• Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “crom (I)”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN, page I

Middle English

Noun

crom

1. Alternative form of crome

Romanian

Chemical element
Cr
Previous: vanadiu (V)
Next: mangan (Mn)

Etymology

Borrowed from French chrome, from Ancient Greek χρῶμα (khrôma, “color”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰreu (“to grind, rub”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /krom/

Noun

crom n (uncountable)

1. chromium (chemical element)

Declension

singular only	indefinite	definite
nominative-accusative	crom	cromul
genitive-dative	crom	cromului
vocative	cromule

References

• crom in DEX online—Dicționare ale limbii române (Dictionaries of the Romanian language)

Scottish Gaelic

Etymology

From Middle Irish cromm, from Old Irish cromb (“bent, stooped”), from Proto-Celtic *krumbos, from Proto-Germanic *krumbaz. The verb is from Old Irish crommaid (“to bend down, stoop”), from the adjective.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /kʰɾɔum/

Adjective

crom (comparative cruime)

1. bent, curved, crooked, round

Synonyms

• (curve): lùbach

Verb

crom (past chrom, future cromaidh, verbal noun cromadh, past participle cromte)

1. bend, curve
2. bow, stoop
3. crouch
4. nod

Synonyms

• (bend or bow): lùb

Vietnamese

Chemical element
Cr
Previous: vanađi (V)
Next: mangan (Mn)

Etymology

From French chrome.

Pronunciation

• (Hà Nội) IPA^(key): [kɹom˧˧], [kəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧] ~ [kəː˨˩ zom˧˧]
• (Huế) IPA^(key): [kɹom˧˧], [kəː˦˩ ɹom˧˧]
• (Saigon) IPA^(key): [kɹom˧˧], [kəː˨˩ ɹom˧˧]
• Phonetic spelling: crôm, cờ Rôm

Noun

crom

1. chromium