bruk

See also: Bruk, BRUK, and brúk

Gothic

Romanization

bruk

1. Romanization of 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐌺

Javanese

Romanization

bruk

1. Romanization of ꦧꦿꦸꦏ꧀

Kalasha

Etymology

From Sanskrit वृक्क (vṛkka), from Proto-Indo-Iranian *wr̥tkás; compare Persian گرده (gorde).

Noun

bruk (Arabic بروُک)

1. (anatomy) kidney

Lithuanian

Alternative forms

• bruki

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [brʊk]

Verb

brùk

1. second-person singular imperative of brukti

Lower Sorbian

Etymology

Cognate with Upper Sorbian bruk and Czech brouk.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /bruk/

Noun

bruk m anim (diminutive bruck)

1. beetle (insect)

Declension

Declension of bruk

	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	bruk	bruka	bruki
Genitive	bruka	brukowu	brukow
Dative	brukoju	brukoma	brukam
Accusative	bruka	brukowu	bruki, brukow
Instrumental	brukom	brukoma	brukami
Locative	bruku	brukoma	brukach

Derived terms

• brucaś
• brucyk
• brucyś
• brukaś

Further reading

• Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “bruk”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
• Starosta, Manfred (1999) “bruk”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag

Norwegian Bokmål

Etymology

From Middle Low German bruk.

Noun

bruk m or n (definite singular bruken or bruket, uncountable)

1. use (noun)

Derived terms

Terms derived from bruk (Noun 1)

• brukbar
• brukskonto
• bruksområde
• gjenbruk
• misbruk
• språkbruk
• vannbruk

Noun

bruk n (definite singular bruket, indefinite plural bruk, definite plural bruka or brukene)

1. farm, works, mill, factory (industrial undertaking)

Derived terms

Terms derived from bruk (Noun 2)

• forbruk
• gårdsbruk
• hagebruk
• jordbruk
• landbruk
• melkebruk, mjølkebruk
• sagbruk
• sauebruk
• skogbruk
• småbruk

Verb

bruk

1. imperative of bruke

References

• “bruk” in The Bokmål Dictionary.

Norwegian Nynorsk

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /brʉːk/

Etymology 1

From Middle Low German bruk.

Noun

bruk m or n (definite singular bruken or bruket, uncountable)

1. use (noun)

Derived terms

• brukbar
• brukskonto
• bruksområde
• gjenbruk
• misbruk
• språkbruk
• voldsbruk

Noun

bruk n (definite singular bruket, indefinite plural bruk, definite plural bruka)

1. farm, works, mill, factory (industrial undertaking)

Derived terms

• forbruk
• hagebruk
• jordbruk
• landbruk
• mjølkebruk
• sagbruk
• sauebruk
• skogbruk
• småbruk

Etymology 2

Verb

bruk

1. imperative of bruka
2. imperative of bruke

References

• “bruk” in The Nynorsk Dictionary.

Old Polish

Etymology

Disputed. Probably ultimately derived from Germanic. First attested in 1476.

• Per Bruckner and Boryś, borrowed from German (Central dialects) brugge (“bridge, street”) with the semantic shift explained with the fact that bridge surfaces were generally hardened with stones.
• Per Mańczak, this is phonetically impossible, and claims borrowed from Middle High German, as the second element of Austrian German Innsbruck.
• Per Bańowski, borrowed from Middle Low German bruk (“broken off piece of stone, etc.”), cognate with modern German Bruch.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (10^th–15^th CE) /bruk/
• IPA^(key): (15^th CE) /bruk/

Noun

bruk m animacy unattested

1. (attested in Lesser Poland, Greater Poland) cobblestone surface (surface, e.g. floor or stone road surface paved with stones)
   • 1884 [1476], Ignacy Polkowski, editor, Katalog rękopisów kapitulnych katedry krakowskiej. Cz. 1, Kodexa rękopiśmienne 1-228‎^[1], volume III, page 108:

     Bruk licostratus

     [Bruk licostratus]

   • 1898-2024 [1488], Rocznik Krakowski‎^[2], volume XVI, Krakow, page 56:

     Pater edificare tenebitur... licostratum al. brug

     [Pater edificare tenebitur... licostratum al. bruk]

   • c. 1500, Wokabularz lubiński, Lubiń: inkunabuł Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego w Gnieźnie, sygn. Inc. 78d., page 75r:

     Licostratus licostriges vel licostratum dicit Brito esse variationem coloris pauimenti et quodcumque aliud opus dummodo fit ex lapidibus diuesorum colorum brvk

     [Licostratus licostriges vel licostratum dicit Brito esse variationem coloris pauimenti et quodcumque aliud opus dummodo fit ex lapidibus diuesorum colorum bruk]

Descendants

• Polish: bruk, burk (Middle Polish, Far Masovian, Podhale), burg (Middle Polish)

References

• Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “bruk”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
• Mańczak, Witold (2017) “bruk”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
• Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “bruk”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
• Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “bruk”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
• Brückner, Aleksander (1927) “bruk”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish), Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna
• K. Nitsch, editor (1954), “bruk”, in Słownik staropolski (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences, page 166
• B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “bruk”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
• Ewa Deptuchowa, Mariusz Frodyma, Katarzyna Jasińska, Magdalena Klapper, Dorota Kołodziej, Mariusz Leńczuk, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, editors (2023), “bruk”, in Rozariusze z polskimi glosami. Internetowa baza danych [Dictionaries of Polish glosses, an Internet database] (in Polish), Kraków: Pracownia Języka Staropolskiego Instytut Języka Polskiego Polskiej Akademii Nauk

Polish

Alternative forms

• burk (Middle Polish, Far Masovian, Podhale)
• burg (Middle Polish)

Etymology

Inherited from Old Polish bruk.

Pronunciation

 

• IPA^(key): /ˈbruk/

• (Middle Polish) IPA^(key): /ˈbruk/
• (Masovia):
  • (Far Masovian) IPA^(key): /ˈbruk/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uk
• Syllabification: bruk
• Homophones: bróg, Bróg, Brug

Noun

bruk m inan (related adjective brukowy)

1. cobblestones (road pavement made of stones)
   • 1969, Seweryn Orzełowski, Budowa podwozi i nadwozi samochodowych‎^[3], 18th edition, Wydawnictwa Szkolne i Pedagogiczne, page 379:

     Na podstawie obserwowanej eksploatacji wyznacza się [...] procentowe udziały pracy na drogach o różnych rodzajach nawierzchni (asfalt, bruk, drogi gruntowe)[...]

     On the basis of the observed exploitation one determines the percentage of action on roads with different kinds of pavement (asphalt, cobblestones, dirt roads) [...]

   • 2013 November 11, “Wyrwany bruk, rozbite samochody. Skutki zamieszek”, in Rzeczpospolita‎^[4], archived from the original on 2023-01-11:

     Policja pilnuje zniszczonej ulicy Wilczej. Leży na niej bruk, szkło i metalowe słupki.

     The police is monitoring the ruined Wilcza [Wolf] Street. On it lie cobblestones, glass, and metal poles.

   • 2021 September 11, Aleksandra Beldowicz, “Poznań stawia na rośliny w centrum miasta”, in Rzeczpospolita‎^[5], archived from the original on 2021-09-20:

     [...] władze miasta planują usuwać bruk i sadzić rośliny [...]

     [...] the city government plans to remove the cobblestones and plant plants [...]

   • 1934 June 13, “Zamach na asfalt magistracki”, in Józef Matuszczyk, editor, ABC: pismo codzienne informuje wszystkich o wszystkiem‎^[6], number 161, Warszawa: Mazowiecka Spółka Wydawnicza, archived from the original on 2023-01-11, page 4:

     W tych dniach na ul. Gęsiej przystąpiono do naprawiania bruku asfaltowego, jednakże robotę chwilowo przerwano.

     In these days, on Gęsia [Goose] Street, the repair of the asphalt pavement was begun; however, the work was momentarily stopped.

2. (geology) duricrust (rocky cover of the earth's crust formed on a layer of mixed composition)
3. (Far Masovian, Łomża) stone fence (fence of mossy, blackened stones)
4. (Middle Polish, figuratively) revelry; brawl

   Synonyms: burda, hulanka

Declension

Declension of bruk

	singular	plural
nominative	bruk	bruki
genitive	bruku	bruków
dative	brukowi	brukom
accusative	bruk	bruki
instrumental	brukiem	brukami
locative	bruku	brukach
vocative	bruku	bruki

Derived terms

adjectives

• na bruku

adverbs

• na bruk

nouns

• brukowiec

verbs

• sięgnąć bruku pf, sięgać bruku impf
• wyrzucić na bruk pf

Further reading

• bruk in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• bruk in Polish dictionaries at PWN
• bruk in PWN's encyclopedia
• Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “bruk”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
• Wiesław Morawski (22.04.2013) “BRUK”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century]
• Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “bruk”, in Słownik języka polskiego
• Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “bruk”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
• J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1900), “bruk”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 1, Warsaw, page 212
• Jan Karłowicz (1900) “bruk”, in Słownik gwar polskich [Dictionary of Polish dialects] (in Polish), volume 1: A do E, Kraków: Akademia Umiejętności, page 122

Swedish

Etymology

From Low German bruk (“use”), from the verb bruken (“to use”).

Pronunciation

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ʉːk

Noun

bruk n

2. (regular or continuous) use, usage

   Jag har inget bruk för den

   I have no use for it

   1. (in compounds) cultivation, tillage, etc. (use of soil, land, or other resources)
3. (countable, uncountable) practice (general habit of some group of people)

   seder och bruk

   customs and practices

4. a mill, a works (industrial facility for processing raw materials, usually dealing with iron, wood, or glass – especially one with a long history)

   Han jobbar på bruket

   He works at the mill

5. mortar (mixture of cement)
   • 1948, Ulf Peder Olrog, song title

     Mera bruk i baljan, boys

     More mortar in the trough, boys

   Synonym: murbruk

Usage notes

Idiomatic for using illegal drugs and certain public services – for example home care – in (sense 1).

Declension

Declension of bruk

		nominative	genitive
singular	indefinite	bruk	bruks
	definite	bruket	brukets
plural	indefinite	bruk	bruks
	definite	bruken	brukens

Derived terms

• bruksanvisning
• bruksindustri
• bruksort (“mill town”)
• brukspatron
• bruksmiljö
• glasbruk
• jordbruk (“agriculture”)
• järnbruk (“iron works, iron mill”)
• murbruk
• naturbruk (“natural resource use”)
• pappersbruk (“paper mill”)
• skogsbruk (“forestry”)
• vattenbruk (“aquaculture”)

Related terms

• bruka (“use”)
• brukare (“user”)
• brukbar (“usable”)
• bruklig
• obrukbar (“unusable”)

See also

• användning
• hytta
• verk

References

• bruk in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• bruk in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• bruk in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)

Anagrams

• burk

Tok Pisin

Etymology

From English break.

Verb

bruk intrans., transitive brukim

1. (intransitive) break
   • 1989, Buk Baibel long Tok Pisin, Port Moresby: Bible Society of Papua New Guinea, Jenesis 2:10:

     Na wanpela wara i kamap long Iden bilong givim wara long dispela gaden. Dispela wara i bruk na i kamap 4-pela han wara

     →New International Version translation

Adjective

bruk

1. broken

Related terms

• brukim