bruken
Low German
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Middle Low German brûken, Old Saxon brūkan.
Verb
[edit]bruken (third-person singular simple present bruukt, past tense bruuk, past participle bruukt, auxiliary verb hebben)
- to need to, to have to (in negation or with the adverb alleen (“just, only”), you can also use möten)
- Du bruukst nich op mi to töven.(or Du musst nich op mi to töven, see usage notes)
- You don’t need to wait for me.
Usage notes
[edit]- In a negative sentence, möten or dörven are often used instead of bruken. For example, “you don’t need to go yet” is usually translated by du musst noch nich gahn instead of du bruukst noch nich to gahn.
- The verb nödig hebben is used to express the need of something.
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of bruken (weak verb)
| infinitive | bruken | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | preterite |
| 1st person singular | bruuk | bruuk |
| 2nd person singular | bruuks(t) | bruuks(t) |
| 3rd person singular | bruuk(t) | bruuk |
| plural | bruukt, bruuken | bruken |
| imperative | present | — |
| singular | bruuk(e) | |
| plural | bruukt | |
| participle | present | past |
| bruken | (e)bruukt, gebruukt | |
| Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. | ||
Etymology 2
[edit]From Middle Low German gebrūken, Old Saxon gibrūkan, from Proto-Germanic *gabrūkaną. See Etymology 1 above.
Verb
[edit]bruken (third-person singular simple present bruukt, past tense bruuk, past participle bruukt, auxiliary verb hebben)
- to use
Conjugation
[edit]Conjugation of bruken (weak verb)
| infinitive | bruken | |
|---|---|---|
| indicative | present | preterite |
| 1st person singular | bruuk | bruuk |
| 2nd person singular | bruuks(t) | bruuks(t) |
| 3rd person singular | bruuk(t) | bruuk |
| plural | bruukt, bruuken | bruken |
| imperative | present | — |
| singular | bruuk(e) | |
| plural | bruukt | |
| participle | present | past |
| bruken | (e)bruukt, gebruukt | |
| Note: This conjugation is one of many; neither its grammar nor spelling apply to all dialects. | ||
Middle Dutch
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Old Dutch *brūkan, from Proto-West Germanic *brūkan.
Verb
[edit]bruken
Inflection
[edit]| Weak | ||
|---|---|---|
| Infinitive | bruken | |
| 3rd sg. past | — | |
| 3rd pl. past | — | |
| Past participle | — | |
| Infinitive | bruken | |
| In genitive | brukens | |
| In dative | brukene | |
| Indicative | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | bruke | — |
| 2nd singular | bruucs, brukes | — |
| 3rd singular | bruuct, bruket | — |
| 1st plural | bruken | — |
| 2nd plural | bruuct, bruket | — |
| 3rd plural | bruken | — |
| Subjunctive | Present | Past |
| 1st singular | bruke | — |
| 2nd singular | bruucs, brukes | — |
| 3rd singular | bruke | — |
| 1st plural | bruken | — |
| 2nd plural | bruuct, bruket | — |
| 3rd plural | bruken | — |
| Imperative | Present | |
| Singular | bruuc, bruke | |
| Plural | bruuct, bruket | |
| Present | Past | |
| Participle | brukende | — |
Derived terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- “bruken”, in Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek, 2000
- Verwijs, E., Verdam, J. (1885–1929) “bruken”, in Middelnederlandsch Woordenboek, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, →ISBN
Middle Low German
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]brûken
- to use, utilise, to make use of either an object or a right
- to enjoy, to have use from
- to need
- to work in a craft
Declension
[edit]Conjugation of bruken as a weak verb
| Plain Infinitive | brûken | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Full Infinitive (Gerund) | tô brûkene or tô brûkende | |||
| Verbal Noun | brûken or brûkent | |||
| Participles | Imperatives | |||
| Present | brûkende | 2nd Person Singular | brûke | |
| Past | gebrûket | 2nd Person Plural | brûket | |
| Indicative | Subjunctive | |||
| Present | Preterite | Present | Preterite | |
| 1st Person Singular | brûke | brûkede | brûke | brûkede |
| 2nd Person Singular | brûkest | brûkedest | brûkest | brûkedest |
| 3rd Person Singular | brûket | brûkede | brûket | brûkede |
| Plural | brûken (brûket?) | brûkeden | brûken | brûkeden |
Descendants
[edit]- Low German: bruken
- → Danish: bruge
- → Icelandic: brúka
- → Faroese: brúka
- → Norwegian Bokmål: bruke
- → Norwegian Nynorsk: bruke
- → Polabian: brükot
- → Swedish: bruka
- → Finnish: ruukata
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]bruken m or n
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Noun
[edit]bruken m or n
Swedish
[edit]Noun
[edit]bruken
Anagrams
[edit]Categories:
- Low German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Low German terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *bʰruHg-
- Low German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Low German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Low German terms inherited from Middle Low German
- Low German terms derived from Middle Low German
- Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
- Low German lemmas
- Low German verbs
- Low German terms with usage examples
- Low German weak verbs
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Old Dutch
- Middle Dutch terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle Dutch terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle Dutch lemmas
- Middle Dutch verbs
- Middle Dutch weak verbs
- Middle Low German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle Low German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic
- Middle Low German terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Low German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Middle Low German terms inherited from Old Saxon
- Middle Low German terms derived from Old Saxon
- Middle Low German terms with IPA pronunciation
- Middle Low German lemmas
- Middle Low German verbs
- Middle Low German weak verbs
- Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Bokmål noun forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk noun forms
- Swedish non-lemma forms
- Swedish noun forms