Wiktionary:About Old Uyghur
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Old Uyghur was a Turkic language spoken in eastern regions of Central Asia and the Tarim Basin from the 9th to 14th centuries, although as a written language reportedly survived until the 19th century in the Gansu region of China. This page aims to standardize the layout of Old Uyghur entries and explain the rationale behind that standardization, as well as add some general remarks on the treatment of Old Uyghur on Wiktionary.
Criteria for inclusion
[edit]Wiktionary is a descriptive dictionary. This means only the terms that were attested are allowed within. If a term is not found in the available corpus, we do not add that term in the Wiktionary. See below for some examples:
- Words such as 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽰𐽹𐽳𐽷 (qyzʾmwk /kïzamuk/, “measles, rubella”), 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽲𐽰𐽺 (qyzqʾn /kïzgan/, “rose (color), pink”) and 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽷𐽳𐾀 (qyzkwt /kïzgut/, “punishment”) imply the existence of a common verb like *𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽹𐽰𐽷 (qyzmʾk /kïzmak/), attested also in other Turkic languages (like Turkish kızmak), but since it is not attested, we do not add this term.
- 𐽰𐽰𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽹 (ʾʾnkyrdym /aŋïrdïm/, “crimson”) is attested, instead of the expected *𐽰𐽶𐽺𐽷𐽶𐽾𐽸𐽶𐽹 (ʾynkyrdym /ïŋïrdïm/), so we would add the former entry.
- Although both of the languages we know as Old Uyghur and Orkhon Turkic are considered "Old Turkic", some words are only attested for one of them. For example, Orkhon Turkic uses 𐰚𐰇 (kü /kü/, “fame, news”), not found in Old Uyghur manuscripts. We would not include a hypothetical *𐽷𐽳𐽶 (kwy /kü/) in Wiktionary just because of that.
...et cetera.
Orthography and standardization
[edit]Wiktionary has adopted this set of letters transcribing Old Uyghur, following Jens Wilkens' and Talât Tekin's orthography with slight tweaks for uniformity. Space between letters separates different forms.
Wiktionary | Translit. | Uyghur[1][2][3][4] | Orkhon[5][6][7] | Manichaean[8][9] | Arabic[10] | Syriac[11] | Brāhmī[12] | Tibetan | ẖP'agsPa[13] | Sogdian[14] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
a | ʾ, ʾʾ | 𐽰 𐽰𐽰 | 𐰀 | 𐫀 𐫀𐫀 | ا اَ | ܐ | 𑀅 | ꡝ | 𐼰𐼰 𐼰 | |
e | ʾ | 𐽰 | 𐰀 | 𐫀 | اَ | ܐ | 𑀅𑀬 | ꡠ | 𐼰 | |
b | p | 𐽼 | 𐰉 𐰋 | 𐫁 | ب | ܦ ܒ | 𑀩𑁆 | ꡎ | 𐼾 | |
č | c | 𐽽 | 𐰲 | 𐫝 | چ | ܨ | 𑀙𑁆 | ꡄ ꡅ | 𐽁 | |
d | d, t | 𐽸 𐾀 | 𐰑 𐰓 | 𐫔 | د ض | ܬ ܛ ܕ | 𑀤𑁆 | ꡊ ꡈ | 𐼹 | |
ḍ | d, t, ḍ | 𐽸 𐾀 𐽸𐾂 | ܬ ܕ | 𑀟𑁆 | ||||||
f | p, f | 𐽼 | 𐫜 | ف | ꡤ | 𐼾 | ||||
g | k, q, γ | 𐽷 | 𐰏 | 𐫃 | ڭ ك | ܓ ܟ | 𑀕𑁆 𑀓𑁆𑀕𑁆 | ꡂ | 𐼸 | |
ġ | q, q̈, x, γ | 𐽲 𐽲𐾄 𐽵 | 𐰍 | 𐫄 | غ | ܓ | 𑀓𑁆 𑀓𑁆𑀓𑁆 | ꡢ | 𐼲 | |
ḫ | q, q̈, x, ẍ | 𐽲 𐽲𐾄 𐽵 𐽵𐾄 | 𐫆 𐫒 𐫠 | ح خ | ܓ ܗ | ꡣ | 𐼲 | |||
i | y, ʾy | 𐽶 𐽰𐽶 | 𐰃 | 𐫏 𐫀𐫏 | اِی ی | ܐܝ ܝ | 𑀇 | ꡞ | 𐼰𐼷 𐼷 𐼷𐼽 | |
ï | y, ʾy | 𐽶 𐽰𐽶 | 𐰃 | 𐫏 𐫀𐫏 | اِی ی | ܐܝ ܝ | 𑀇 | ꡟ | 𐼰𐼷 𐼷 𐼷𐼽 | |
é | y, ʾy | 𐽶 𐽰𐽶 | 𐰃 | 𐫏 𐫀𐫏 | ای یِ | ܐܝ ܝ | 𑀏 | ꡦ | 𐼰𐼷 𐼷 𐼷𐼽 | |
y | y | 𐽶 | 𐰖 𐰘 | 𐫏 | ی | ܝ | 𑀬𑁆 | ꡗ | 𐼷 | |
k | k, q | 𐽷 | 𐰚 𐰜 | 𐫐 𐫞 | ك | ܟ ܓ ܩ | 𑀓𑁆 | ꡀ | 𐼸 | |
ḳ | q, q̈ | 𐽲 𐽲𐾄 | 𐰴 𐰸 | 𐫒 𐫠 | ق | ܚ | 𑀔𑁆 | ꡁ | 𐼲𐽆 | |
l | l | 𐾁 | 𐰞 𐰠 | 𐫓 | ل | ܠ | 𑀮𑁆 | ꡙ | 𐽄 | |
m | m | 𐽹 | 𐫖 | م | ܡ | 𑀫𑁆 | ꡏ | 𐼺 | ||
n | n, ṅ | 𐽺 𐽺𐾂 | 𐰣 𐰤 | 𐫗 | ن | ܢ | 𑀦𑁆 𑀡𑁆 | ꡋ ꡇ | 𐼻 | |
ŋ | nk | 𐽺𐽷 | 𐰭 | 𐫗𐫃 | ڭ نك | ܢܓ | 𑀜𑁆 𑀗 | ꡃ | 𐼻𐼸 | |
o | w, ʾw | 𐽳 𐽰𐽳 | 𐰆 | 𐫇 𐫀𐫇 | اُو و | ܐܘ ܘ | 𑀑 | ꡡ | 𐼰𐼴 𐼴 | |
ö | w, ʾwy | 𐽳 𐽰𐽳𐽶 | 𐰇 | 𐫇 𐫀𐫇𐫏 | اُو و | ܐܘܝ ܘܝ ܘ | 𑀑𑀬 | ꡨꡡ? | 𐼰𐼴𐼷 𐼴𐼷 𐼴 | |
p | p | 𐽼 | 𐰯 | 𐫛 | پ ب | ܦ | 𑀧𑁆 | ꡌ | 𐼾 | |
r | r | 𐽾 | 𐰺 𐱁 𐰼 | 𐫡 | ر | ܪ | 𑀭𑁆 | ꡘ | 𐽀 | |
s | s, š | 𐽻 𐽿 | 𐰽 𐰾 𐱁 | 𐫘 | س ص | ܣ | 𑀲𑁆 | ꡛ | 𐼼 | |
š | š, s, s̤, š̤ | 𐽿 𐽻 𐽻𐾅 𐽿𐾅 | 𐰾 𐱁 | 𐫢 | ش | ܫ | 𑀱 𑀳 | ꡚ | 𐽁 | |
t | t | 𐾀 | 𐱃 𐱅 | 𐫎 | ة ط ت | ܬ ܛ ܕ | 𑀢𑁆 | ꡈ ꡉ | 𐽂 | |
ṭ | t, d, ṭ | 𐾀 𐽸 𐾀𐾂 | ܛ ܕ | |||||||
u | w, ʾw | 𐽳 𐽰𐽳 | 𐰆 | 𐫇 𐫀𐫇 | اُو و | ܐܘ ܘ | 𑀉 | ꡟ | 𐼰𐼴 𐼴 | |
ü | wy, ʾwy | 𐽳𐽶 𐽰𐽳𐽶 | 𐰇 | 𐫇 𐫀𐫇𐫏 | اُو و | ܐܘܝ ܘܝ ܘ | 𑀉𑀬𑀼 | ꡞ | 𐼰𐼴𐼷 𐼴𐼷 𐼴 | |
v | β | 𐽱 | 𐫚 | ڤ و ف | ܒ | 𑀯𑁆 | ꡤ | 𐼴 | ||
z, ẓ | z, s | 𐽴 𐽻 | 𐰔 | 𐫉 | ض ز ظ | ܙ ܣ | 𑀰𑁆 | ꡕ | 𐼵 𐼵𐽇 | |
ž | z̤ | 𐽴𐾅 | 𐫋 | ژ | 𑀚𑁆 | ꡕ ꡔ | 𐼵 𐼵𐽇 |
However at Wiktionary, we do not create or link entries using diacritics. For example:
- Although most terms with gimel-heth (𐽵) at the coda-position use diacritics (e.g. ubiquitous 𐽰𐽰𐽲𐾄 (ʾʾq̈ /aḳ/)), we create the page entry as 𐽰𐽰𐽲 (ʾʾq /ak/), without the two dots above gimel.
- Practice above is also the case with shin (𐽿), dzain (𐽴), lamedh (𐽸) and non (𐽺) (e.g. we create 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐽶𐾁 (qyzyl /kïzïl/) instead of the more common 𐽲𐽶𐽴𐾅𐽶𐾁 (qyz̤yl /kïžïl/).)
Diacritics above or below (called kaṣra and faṣa) are not written, except under the "Alternative forms" header.
Entry layout
[edit]You can copy and paste the following into Old Uyghur entries in Wiktionary:
==Old Uyghur== ===Alternative forms=== * {{alt|oui|altform1<tr:tr1><ts:ts1>|altform2<tr:tr2><ts:ts2>|...|sc=script code}} * {{alt|oui|altform1<tr:tr1><ts:ts1>|altform2<tr:tr2><ts:ts2>|...|sc=a different script code}} * {{alt|oui|altform1<tr:tr1><ts:ts1>|altform2<tr:tr2><ts:ts2>|...|sc=yet another script code}} ... ===Etymology=== ... ===Noun=== {{head|oui|n}} # [[definition one]] #: {{syn|oui|...}} #: {{ant|oui|...}} #* {{quote-text|oui|...}} # [[definition two]] #: {{syn|oui|...}} #: {{ant|oui|...}} #* {{quote-text|oui|...}} # ... ====Declension==== {{oui-decl|...|...}} ====Compound terms==== {{col|oui|...<ts:ts1><t:t1>|...<ts:ts2><t:t2>|...}} ====Derived terms==== {{col|oui|...<ts:ts1><t:t1>|...<ts:ts2><t:t2>|...}} ====Descendants==== ... ===See also=== ... ===References=== * {{R:...|...}} * {{R:...|...}} * {{R:...|...}} ...
If you need an example, you can follow the source of the 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 (tnkry) entry to see how each header is structured:
==Old Uyghur== ===Alternative forms=== * {{alt|oui|騰克力<ts:teŋ[k]li><tr:*dəŋ kʰək̚ lɨk̚><sc:Hani>}} * {{alt|oui|𐫎𐫗𐫐𐫡𐫏<tr:tnkry><ts:teŋri><sc:Mani>}} * {{alt|oui|ܬܝܓܪܝ<tr:tygry><ts:téŋri><sc:Syrc>}} ===Etymology=== {{inh+|oui|trk-pro|*teŋri|t=sky, god}}. Cognate with {{cog|otk|𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃|tr=teŋri}}, {{cog|xqa|تَنْكْرٖى|tr=teŋrī}}, {{cog|tr|tanrı}}, {{cog|sah|таҥара}} and {{cog|cv|турӑ}}. ===Noun=== {{head|oui|noun|ts=teŋri}} # {{lb|oui|religion}} [[god]] #: {{syn|oui|𐽼𐽲|tr=bag|ایلاهی|tr2=ilahi|𐽰𐽳𐽶𐽲𐽰𐽺|tr3=ugan|𐽶𐽴𐽸𐽰𐽺|tr4=yazdan}} # {{lb|oui|rare}} [[sky]], [[heaven]] #: {{syn|oui|𐽰𐽰𐽺𐽳𐽿𐽰𐽲𐽰𐽺|tr=anošagan|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽶𐽶𐽾𐽶|tr2=teŋri yéri|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷|tr3=teŋrilik|𐽳𐽿𐾀𐽹𐽰𐽵|tr4=uštmah}} #: {{ant|oui|𐽺𐽷𐽾|tr=nara|𐽺𐽾𐽵|tr2=naraka|𐾀𐽹𐽳|tr3=tamu|𐽶𐽰𐽱𐾁𐽰𐽷 𐽶𐽶𐽾|tr4=yavlak yér}} ====Declension==== {{oui-decl|a|V}} ====Compound terms==== {{col|oui|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽰𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽲<ts:teŋri élig><t:[[divine]] [[emperor]], [[mandate]] of [[heaven]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽲𐽰𐾀𐽳𐽺𐽶<ts:teŋri hatunï><t:[[divine]] [[empress]], [[goddess]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽺𐽳𐽹𐽶<ts:teŋri nomï><t:[[Manichaeism]] {{q|lit. 'teachings of the [[God]]}}>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽻𐽶<ts:teŋri teŋrisi><t:[[Brahma|Devātideva]], [[Jupiter|God of the Gods]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶 𐽶𐽶𐽾𐽶<ts:teŋri yéri><t:[[heaven]]>}} ====Derived terms==== {{col|oui|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽽𐽶<ts:teŋriči><t:a [[servant]] of the [[God]], [[monk]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽸𐽰𐽹<ts:teŋridem><t:[[holy]], pertaining to the [[gods]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽷𐽰𐽺<ts:teŋriken><t:[[ruler]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐾁𐽶𐽷<ts:teŋrilik><t:[[sanctuary]], [[temple]]; [[paradise]]>|𐾀𐽺𐽷𐽾𐽶𐽹<ts:teŋrim><t:a [[honorific]] title for [[noblewomen]]>}} ====Descendants==== * {{desc|cmg|ᠲᠩᠷᠢ|bor=1}} {{q|Orthographic borrowing}} * {{desc|ybe|deŋər|tr=tiŋïr|t=sky, Heavens, weather}} (...) ===References=== * {{R:oui:Caferoğlu:1968|page=242|tnkry}} * {{R:oui:Wilkens|page=695-697|(1) t(ä)ŋri}} * {{R:oui:Yunusoğlu|page=61}}
Inflection templates
[edit]Use these templates for entries:
{{Module:oui-decl}}
(or{{oui-decl}}
for short) for nouns. This module declines nouns in ten grammatical cases with two grammatical numbers in Uyghur script.- You can set parameters |a and |u, and |C and |V to decline nouns appropriately.
- |a is for nouns that end with 'a', 'e', 'é', 'ï' and 'i'. |u is for nouns that end with 'o', 'ö', 'u' and 'ü'.
- |C is for nouns that end with consonants, while |V is for nouns that end with vowels.
- Do not use this module for terms written in different scripts.
{{Not available yet.}}
for verbs.{{Not available yet.}}
for adjectives.
Sources
[edit]Dictionaries and etymology
[edit]Every page should at least use both:
{{R:oui:Caferoğlu:1968}}
and{{R:oui:Wilkens}}
.
For etymologically obscure (or interesting) terms, it is advised to copy the etymology from the Proto-Turkic page if it satisfies the need. If not, {{R:trk:Clauson}}
, {{R:otk:DTS}}
and {{R:trk:ESTJa}}
can be consulted. Wilkens' dictionary will also list foreign words and their origins, plus their Sanskrit and Mongolian equivalents.
Use {{R:ybe:Roos:2000}}
and {{R:ybe:Lei:1998}}
for Western Yugur in "Descendants" section. Use Lei's dictionary's orthographic scheme for entries and Roos' dictionary index for transcription, as per WT:AYBE.
Quotations and attestations
[edit]Due to the sheer size of the Old Uyghur corpus, dictionaries often do not bother listing the source of the words. However there are some sources that can help you find genuine attestations, if you are unsure how a word was spelled or whether or not the attestation is genuine or not:
- Vorislamische Alttürkische Texte: Elektronisches Corpus (VATEC)[1]
- Indispensable for searching through select works (but not some crucial ones.) Features genuine transliterations, gloss translations, translations in modern languages (only German and English, mostly German) and archival signatures (museum catalog numbers) that you may use in conjunction with...
- Digitalisierung der Berliner Turfantexte Projeckt (DTA)[2]
- ...where you can find scans of the archival signatures listed at VATEC and elsewhere, per folio. For example, first line of first link at the Index (Altun Yarok B01) has this line:
- Archivsignatur: U 632
- Originalsignatur: T III 56-19a [1010/58]
- You can scroll down the DTA website and find the Signaturengruppe U[3], which leads you to the collection of scans of fragments retrieved from the Turfan and Tarim regions of China pertaining to this time period. Simply continue through the links and find the referenced folio (for this example, you'd need to look at this subsite U 0616 Seite 1 bis U 0639 Seite 2[4], and find u0632seite1.jpg[5] and u0632seite2.jpg[6] where 'seite1' refers to recto and 'seite2' refers to the verso of the said folio.)
- For different Signaturengruppe, just follow the same steps but for that specific group.
- ...where you can find scans of the archival signatures listed at VATEC and elsewhere, per folio. For example, first line of first link at the Index (Altun Yarok B01) has this line:
- International Dunhuang Programme (IDP)[7] is also a good lead, featuring fragments from a variety of museums and institutions for free.
- Other than these on-line sources, many books on specific works feature the archival signature, feature scans of the pages in question, or at least write down the genuine transliteration of the passages, as per scholarly tradition. These can also be consulted, but the source taken and the page number must be given in these cases.
See also
[edit]- About Proto-Turkic
- About Old Turkic
- About Karakhanid Language
- About Western Yugur
- Old Uyghur Number List
- Old Uyghur Color Table
References
[edit]- ^ Hamilton, James (2020) Korkut, Ece, Birkan, İsmet, transl., Budacı İyi Kalpli ve Kötü Kalpli Prens Masalının Uygurcası - Prens Kalyāṇaṃkara ve Pāpaṃkara Hikâyesi (in Turkish), Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, →ISBN, page 22
- ^ Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page XV, XVI
- ^ Gabain, A. V. (1950). Alttürkische Grammatik. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17
- ^ Şen, S. (2017). Eski Uygur Türkçesi dersleri (3rd ed.). Kesit. p. 54
- ^ Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page XV, XVI
- ^ Gabain, A. V. (1950). Alttürkische Grammatik. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 12
- ^ Tekin, T. (1993). Book of omens. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 3-6
- ^ Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page XVII
- ^ Gabain, A. V. (1950). Alttürkische Grammatik. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17
- ^ Nadeljajev, V. M.; Nasilov, D. M.; Tenišev, E. R.; Ščerbak, A. M., editors (1969), Drevnetjurkskij slovarʹ [Dictionary of Old Turkic] (in Russian), Leningrad: USSR Academy of Sciences, Nauka, page XV, XVI
- ^ Ölmez, M. (1996). Süryanî harfli Eski Uygurca bir tıp metni.
- ^ Gabain, A. V. (1950). Alttürkische Grammatik. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 34-35
- ^ Clauson, G. (1959). The ẖP'ags-pa alphabet. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 22(2), 321-323.
- ^ Alttürkische Grammatik. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 17