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User:Sarri.greek/About Medieval Greek

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This page describes policies and practices specific to entries for Medieval Greek, also called Byzantine Greek, on the English Wiktionary, as well as those concerning Early Modern Greek.

See also About Ancient Greek & About Modern Greek

General information

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Divisions of the Greek language

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The temporal divisions of the Greek language (code grk) on Wiktionary:

  • Ancient Greek (code grc). Including its dialects and Koine Greek (grc-koi) of Hellenistic times, as well as Late Koine. Its script was upper case letters of Greek alphabet. In Wiktionary, as in all dictionaries, in lower case polytonic script.
    The earlier Mycenaean dialect (gmy) is presented separately because of its distinct writing system (Linear B).
  • Medieval Greek (gkm), also called Byzantine Greek, conventionally from the 7th century, with Greek becoming the official language in the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire, replacing Latin (characteristically with Justinian's Novellae, those written in Greek), up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. Script: lower-case polytonic, then handwritten with many ligatures.
    • 600-1100 Most of the surviving medieval texts are written in a learned register, practically an extension of Koine. Examples of vernacular are rare. The medieval neologisms of this phase have inflectional forms identical to classic Ancient inflections.
      In some dictionaries, Late Koine from 300 onwards is named 'early medieval'.
    • 1100-1453 Texts in vernacular survive, like Διγενής Ἀκρίτης (Digenḗs Akrítēs) (Digenes Akritas). Many authors continue to write in the ancient fashion (like Koine or even the Attic dialect). Others, in mixed style. The gap of diglossia of "learned, archaistic" versus "spoken, vernacular" had started already in Hellenistic times and persisted in various manners until 1976, when spoken (demotic) became official language in Greece.
  • Early Modern Greek follows, up to 1700 (1669, the Fall of Candia marking the end of Cretan literature).
    Script: lower-case polytonic. For its script, also for its characteristic medievalisms, it is presented together with Medieval Greek in en.wiktionary, as it also does in some contemporary dictionaries or grammars.
  • Modern Greek (el), Standard Modern Greek (SMG) ("koine Neo-Hellenic" as in Greek) and contemporary Greek dialects. Script: up to 1982 was polytonic. From 1982 onwards, officially in monotonic system (with only one accent), as is presented here at en.wiktionary. The obsolete Katharevousa, in polytonic.

Please, note that temporal boundaries are not restrictive. Stylistically, an author might choose to use any previous style, suffix, word or syntax. This ambiguity is reflected at various dictionaries marking a lemma either as Koine or as Medieval. As Medieval or as Modern.

Attestation

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The normal standard for modern languages is three independent attestations (WT:CFI). However, extinct languages, require only a single attestation.
Attestation: in texts, in glossae and definitions of grammariana and medieval lexicographers, at inscriptions.

Varieties

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Dialects like Medieval Cypriot Greek or Medieval Cretan Greek are marked with template {{tlb}} next to the PAGENAME.

Other regional or stylistic idioms may be marked with the label {{lb|gkm|idiomatic|regional}} placed before their translation/definition.

Linking to gkm from other pages

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  • At etymologies, from etymology templates place the code gkm at "donor's" parameter. Categories are created. Example:
    {{bor+|ota|gkm|<the Medieval Greek word>}}
  • In body text, link or mention a word with Templates {{l}} and {{m}}. No categories are created.
    {{l|gkm|<word>}} {{m|gkm|<word>}}
  • {{m+}} also write the name of the language: {{m+|gkm|κάβουρος}}
    Byzantine Greek κάβουρος (kábouros)

Example of lemma

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Example of a feminine noun.

  • For the quotations, use {{quote-book}}.
  • Do not forget to add at top of page {{also}} the monotonic Modern Greek of the same form!
{{also|<the Modern Greek monotonic word>}}
==Medieval Greek===

===Alternative forms===
* {{alter|gkm|ωωω||<note>}}
* {{alter|gkm|ωωω|xxx|zzzz||<note>}}

===Etymology===
{{inh+|gkm|grc|ωωωω}}. {{surf|gkm|γράφω|alt1=γράφ(ω)|-ικός}}.

===Pronunciation===
* {{gkm-IPA|<q=a note>}}

===Noun===
{{head|gkm|noun|g=f}}

# {{lb|gkm|clouthing}} translation
#: {{syn|gkm|ωωωω}}
#* '''12th''' century - Author, Name. ''Work'', section or page (preferably with link}
#*: {{quote|gkm|ωωωωωtext|xxxxtranslation}}

====Inflection====
* {{l|gkm|ωωω}} {{q|plural}}

====Related terns====
{{see|gkm|another word which has full list}}

====Descendants====
* {{desc|el|ωωωω|inh=1}}

===Further reading===
* {{R:Kriaras Medieval}}

{{cln|gkm|<other stylistic categories}}
{{topic|gkm|<other subject categories}}


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Orthography

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Lemma becomes a spelling as attested.
Caveat: In dictionaries or editions of medieval texts, especially of previous centuries, spelling is often "corrected" according to the editor's opinion: either hypercorrected according to Ancient Greek grammar rules, or in modern style, monotonically. In Wiktionary, the original spelling or spellings are lemmatised. Obvious misspellings (e.g. with no accents, overall mistakes, as found in personal notes, correspondence of semi-illiterate writers) are not lemmatised (but may be presented faithfully at quotations).

Because Medieval Greek uses a non-Roman alphabet, namely Greek polytonic without prosody, there are some issues peculiar to its entries.

Specifically for Medieval Greek:

  • The initial rho ⟨Ρ, ρ⟩ may also appear in texts in ancient fashion, with rough breathing (dasia) ⟨Ῥ, ῥ⟩.
  • Wiktionary does not make lemmata with double rho marked with smooth breathing and rough breathing ⟨ῤῥ⟩. In quotations, they may be imitated as in the source (a manuscript). A transliteration to the standard may be included to fascilitate reading them.

Special symbols

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Special forms of letters and the many ligatures used in manuscripts and early editions and not used when creating a lemma. If possible, quotations may include them if they appear in the source. Examples:

medieval explained standard
ϐ beta β
ϴ ϑ theta Θ θ
ϰ kappa κ
ϗ ligature for grc|καί|t=and
ȣ uppercase ΟΥ
Ȣ Ȣ́ ȣ̂ lowercase ου ού οῦ
ϖ pi π todo Does it have a unicode?
ϱ rho ρ
Ϲ ϲ lunate sigma Σ σ
ϛ stigma στ, also as number 6
ϕ phi φ
More examples at Greek ligatures on Wikipedia.Wikipedia


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Numbers

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Numbers were written with a macron or overbar over lowercase letters of Greek numbering system, or as in the standard fashion (Template:el-numbers)
<span style="text-decoration:overline;">α</span>

Examples:

medieval explained standard & medieval
α 1 Α΄ α΄
β 2 Β΄ β΄
Ϛ΄ ϛ΄ upper??todo 6 ΣΤ΄ στ΄
ια 11 ΙΑ΄] ια΄
?? todo 90 Ϟ΄ ϟ΄ ??what is this font for the upper? It should not look like that.
_ 900 Ϡ΄ ϡ΄ ??what is this upper?
ρα 101 ΡΑ΄ ρα΄
?? todo 1000 ͵Α ͵α
?? todo 9000 ͵Ϡ ͵ϡ
All numbers at Template:el-numbers.


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Headers

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Most headers have a basic description in Wiktionary:Entry layout. The minimum headers which are necessary for every entry are the Language (Medieval Greek), #Pronunciation, the POS (Part of speech) header and #Sources (references or further reading). 

==Medieval Greek==
===Alternative forms===
===Etymology===
===Pronunciation===
===(POS)===
====Usage notes====
====Inflection====
====Synonyms====
====Antonyms====
====Derived terms====
====Related terms====
====Descendants====
====See also====
===References===
===Further reading====

Alternative forms

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Alternative forms include dialectal forms, variant spellings. In Medieval Greek, the variants are numbers, covering 1,000 years of evolution.

  • {{alter|gkm|<word>|<word>|<... more words>|empty parameter|optional note}}

which produces (as at νεράντζιον (nerántzion))

or vertically

  • {{alter|gkm|<word>||<note>}}
  • {{alter|gkm|<word>||<note>}}

 

At the page of such a form, we write:

At lemma νεράντζιν (nerántzin) it produces


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Etymology

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Category:Medieval Greek terms by etymology

see Wiktionary:Etymology
Category:Medieval Greek references

Reference to dictionaries mentioned under the header Further reading or other etymological dictionaries.
Many words are inherited {{inh}} from Koine Greek (grc-koi) or from Ancient Greek (grc). Learned high register terms may be internal learned borrowings from Ancient Greek. Loanwords may be direct (from speaker to speaker) or learned borrowings from languages like Latin (la), Medieval Latin (la-med), Venetian (vec), Slavic languages (sla), Ottoman Turkish (ota). The etymology of the donor or ancestor terms is not repeated here. The etymological categories desired, may be added with template {{dercat}}.

When a term comes from a PIE root, place the template {{PIE root|gkm|root with no asterisk or hyphen}} at the top of the Etymology section.

Cognates may be listed if possible.

Morphological analysis must be included for derivations or compounds, but also, synchronically for inherited words. The stem and suffix must be clearly shown, as with all Greek words. Example at ζηλευτής (zēleutḗs):

{{af|gkm|ζηλεύω|-τής|alt1=ζηλεύ(ω)|pos1=verb|pos2=suffix for masculine agent nouns|t1=envy}}

whic produces

ζηλεύ(ω) (zēleú(ō), “envy”, verb) +‎ -τής (-tḗs, suffix for masculine agent nouns)

For examples, see

Pronunciation

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  • An approximation of non-dialectal pronunciation. (? = uncertain or debated)
 
 
 

Pronunciation should be used in all Medieval Greek entries. The template automatically presents pronunciations for both 10th and 15th century (they have slight differences). If only 15th century is needed, write

{{gkm-IPA|period=med2|<q=our note>}}

Part of speech

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The “Part of Speech” headers which are currently used within Medieval Greek are: Adjective, Adverb, Article, Conjunction, Interjection, Noun, Number, Particle, Prefix, Preposition, Pronoun, Proper noun, Suffix, and Verb. These largely represent the standard across languages in Wiktionary. If an entry contains a different POS header than those listed above, it is likely incorrect. Different POS headers may be acceptable, but should be carefully checked and discussed with other editors.

Head of lemma
The head must be written with templates {{head}}, language code gkm at 1st position, Part of speech at 2nd position. For nouns, add gender with |g=m or f or c (common) Categories may be added here (see template's instructions).
No other suffixes or inflectional forms are added next to the pagename as in other languages. The main dictionaries of our #Sources, do not mention any such form near the head. The reason is the polytypy of forms through centuries. Inflectional forms are discussed under the heading Inflection

Definitions
Under the PAGENAME {head}
+ one empty line
write # and a translation (or definition if an English word does not correspond)

Synonyms, antonyms, and other notes may be placed under a specific sense with # and : (colon)

See templates {{syn}} {{ant}}

#Quotations may follow, with # and * (asterisk).

Contracted verbs

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Our lemma for contracted verbs, is -ῶ.
Most dictionaries present these verbs in the uncontracted form (e.g. -έω) in the ancient fashion. Such uncontracted forms do not exist in Medieval or Early Modern Greek. The later suffix -άω, is a new development, and is treated differently.

Inflection

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{under development, 2024}

Inflectional forms are

  • either listed one by one and discussed separately (as in #Bulleted lists)
  • or placed in a table.

A clitic paradigm of expected inflectional forms will be placed at Appendix:Medieval Greek grammar (the project is under development).

Every attested inflectional form may have a page of its own. With reference; ideally including a quotation.
Example: ...

Bulleted lists

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The following headers contain only bulleted lists. Bullets are created by starting the line with an asterisk (*), followed by a single space, followed by the content. Words linked to in such lists are best encoded using {{l|gkm|<word>}}
If there are more than a few terms in the list, please use template {{col2}} or, for 3 columns {{col3}}. Example:

{{col2|gkm|sort=0|collapse=0|title=<xxxx>
The parameters (optional): sort=0 do not sort automatically / collapse=0 do not hide line, make it a visible table
at the end of the list we close the columns with
}}

division templates such as {{top2}}, {{top3}}, and {{top4}} should be used. If there are many terms (e.g. more than twenty), use a template that produces a collapsing table such as {{der3}} and {{rel3}}.

For synonyms, near-synonyms, antonyms ana all -nyms

For derivatives or compounds (of the same language period) make lists under
====Derived terms==== (medieval words)

But make sure, that these derivations occured during this, medieval phase.
If uncertain, place them under Related terms:

====Related terms==== (medieval words)

By "Related" we mean etymologically related: they come from the same root or word.
Do not place here words of other periods or languages.
  • If they are descendants, place them under ====Derived terms====
  • Words which are not etymologically related, but might be of some interest, may be placed under: "See also"

====Descendants==== (non-medieval words)

See template {{desc}} and instructions at #About Ancient Greek, descendants
place on top any iherited words.

====See also====

  • Words, links or notes, that cannot be placed under any of the above Headers, but would be useful or interesting to the readers.

Sources

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Full list at Category:Medieval Greek reference templates.

Sources for specific information are placed between <ref></ref> for which we add 


===References===
<references />

Sources consulted may be added under the heading ===Further reading===
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Dictionaries

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Our standard referdnce sources (at least one of them should be listed)

SELECTION . . . . . . . . . . for more, see Category:Medieval Greek reference templates
TEMPLATES
Visit the Templates! More details there! 		our standard reference, for every lemma
{{R:LOGEION}} The platform includes dictionaries in English, French, Spanish, such as {{R:DGE}}, Bailly2020 (also proper nouns) with coverage of Late Koine extending to the early mediaeval centuries.
Link:yes, automatic
{{R:LBG}} by Trapp (in German) Includes words from 9th to 12th century. Presented as in Ancient Greek (e.g. uncontracted form if verb is main lemma). Online at TLG.
Link:yes, automatic (needs just a password to be visible)
{{R:Kriaras Medieval2}} (in Greek) Kriaras' dictionary of vulgar Medieval Greek from 1100 to 1669, extending to Early Modern Greek. As in 2024, up to lemma "σταματώ". Volumes 1-4 polytonic, volumes 4-22 monotonic. All monotonic lemmata, quotations should be transferred to polytonic for use in wiktionary.
Link:yes, page numbers must be added
{{R:Kriaras Medieval}} (in Greek) The epitome of the Dictionary, monotonically, up to lemma "παραθήκη", also online.
Link:yes, automatic
{{R:Dimitrakos 1964}} (in Katharevousa) covers all phases of Greek. Medieval lemmata or senses are marked with μσν. or κ. μσν. ("and medieval", i.e. ancient and medieval). Koine is marked with μτγν., Katharevousa with νεώτ. (neṓt.) ("newer") and our contemporary Standard Modern Greek with δημ. (the vernacular "Demotic" of his time).
Link:yes, page number must be added
{{R:PLP}} by Trapp (in German) Proper nouns. Attested personal names of the Palaeologan Period (1261-1453). Also place names.
Link:yes, id number must be added
also optionally
{{R:grc:Sophocles}} 1900 (in English) For Koine and Medieval terms from 146 BC to AD 1100, with "corrected" spellings for some words.
Link:yes, page number must be added
Older dictionaries may also be presented as quotations
{{R:Somavera}} 1709 (in Italian) bilingual Greek-Italian dictionary, covers Late Medieval and Early Modern Greek. His spelling includes symbols like ϛ (stigma) and Ȣ (for ου)
Link:yes, page number must be added
{{R:gkm:du Cange}} 1688 (in Latin) Glossarium ad scriptores mediæ & infimæ Graecitatis
Link:yes, page number must be added
{{R:Meursius}} 1614 (in Latin) Glossarium graecobarbarum
Link:yes, page number must be added

Grammars

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{{R:gkm:Grammar Cambridge}} (2019) With clitic paradigmata, extensive discussion of every inflectional form and varieties (rare or regional). Also, a plethora of useful small quotations (with accurate spelling).
Link:no

Texts

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For all medieval texts, special care should be taken for the choice of edition. Critical editions are preferred.
Caveat for editions with "corrected" spellings and/or forms according to Ancient Greek grammatical rules.

Abbreviations of authors and works are available at all dictionaries. Especially

Anthologies

  • {{R:Med Vulgar}} (in Greek) anthology of texts with comments, introduction notes
  • @catholiclibrary.org Search for ecclesiastic and Byzantine authors. Texts in Ancient Greek, Latin, English.

Other

More help

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Let us know of any questions. Feel free to drop a question or common at the talk pages of editors for Medieval Greek.

See also

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