Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/divъ

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/Divъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Per Derksen: cognate with Sanskrit धी (dhī, “thought, prayer”), suggesting Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyH-wo-, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰeyh₂- (“mind, thought”).
Per Słownik prasłowiański: deverbal of *diviti, relation with Sanskrit धी is unlikely.

Noun

*dȋvъ m^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

admiration, delight, astonishment
Synonym: *čùdo
that which causes delight; wonder, miracle
Synonym: *čùdo

Declension

Declension of *dȋvъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dȋvъ	*dȋva	*dȋvi
genitive	*dȋva	*divù	*dĩvъ
dative	*dȋvu	*divomà	*divòmъ
accusative	*dȋvъ	*dȋva	*dȋvy
instrumental	dȋvъmь, dȋvomь^*	*divomà	*divý
locative	*dȋvě	*divù	*divě̃xъ
vocative	*dive	*dȋva	*dȋvi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Derived terms

(verbs):

*divovati impf

Related terms

*divadlo n
*divo n

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дивъ (divŭ)
  - Belarusian: див (div) (dialectal)
    - → Lithuanian: dỹvas
  - Ukrainian: див (dyv) (rare)
  - Russian: див (div) (archaic or dialectal)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: дивъ (divŭ)
West Slavic:
- Old Czech: div
  - Czech: div
- Old Polish: dziw
  - Polish: dziw
- Old Slovak: div
  - Slovak: div
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: dzyw
  - Slovincian: dzyw
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: źiw
  - Upper Sorbian: dźiw

Etymology 2

Unclear. The material is poorly attested:

South Slavic forms are probably borrowings from Ottoman Turkish دیو (div), adopted into South Slavic folklore during the Ottoman reign;
Polish dziw is attested since 1845, probably from East Slavic;

Usually believed to be derived from *divъ (“that which causes delight”). Less likely demonized Early Slavic *Divъ (“sky god”) or *divъ (“god”) during Slavic-Iranian contacts. The demonization was to come under Iranian influence, where the old Iranian deities were demonized as a result of the introduction of Zoroastrianism (compare Sanskrit देव (deva, “god”) vs Avestan 𐬛𐬀𐬉𐬎𐬎𐬀 (daēuua, “demon”)).

Noun

*divъ m (feminine *diva, adjective *divьskъ)^[6]^[5]

some kind of a demon (supernatural being)

Declension

Declension of *divъ (hard o-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divi
genitive	*diva	*divu	*divъ
dative	*divu	*divoma	*divomъ
accusative	*divъ	*diva	*divy
instrumental	divъmь, divomь^*	*divoma	*divy
locative	*divě	*divu	*divěxъ
vocative	*dive	*diva	*divi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: дивъ (divŭ)
  - Ukrainian: див (dyv) (rare)
  - Russian: див (div) (archaic or dialectal)
South Slavic:
- >? Bulgarian: див (div)
- >? Macedonian: див (div)
- >? Serbo-Croatian:
  Latin script: dȉv
  
  Cyrillic script: ди̏в
West Slavic:
- >? Polish: dziw

Etymology 3

From Proto-Indo-European *dyew- (“to be bright”) +‎ *-ъ.

Adjective

*divъ^[7]

delightful, astonishing, unusual

Declension

Indefinite declension of *divъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divo
genitive	*diva	*divy	*diva
dative	*divu	*divě	*divu
accusative	*divъ	*divǫ	*divo
instrumental	*divomь	*divojǫ	*divomь
locative	*divě	*divě	*divě
vocative	*dive	*divo	*divo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*diva	*divě	*divě
genitive	*divu	*divu	*divu
dative	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
accusative	*diva	*divě	*divě
instrumental	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
locative	*divu	*divu	*divu
vocative	*diva	*divě	*divě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divi	*divy	*diva
genitive	*divъ	*divъ	*divъ
dative	*divomъ	*divamъ	*divomъ
accusative	*divy	*divy	*diva
instrumental	*divy	*divami	*divy
locative	*divěxъ	*divaxъ	*divěxъ
vocative	*divi	*divy	*diva

Definite declension of *divъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
genitive	*divajego	*divyję̇	*divajego
dative	*divujemu	*divěji	*divujemu
accusative	*divъjь	*divǫjǫ	*divoje
instrumental	*divyjimь	*divǫjǫ	*divyjimь
locative	*divějemь	*divěji	*divějemь
vocative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
genitive	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
dative	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
accusative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
instrumental	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
locative	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
vocative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*diviji	*divyję̇	*divaja
genitive	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ
dative	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ
accusative	*divyję̇	*divyję̇	*divaja
instrumental	*divyjimi	*divyjimi	*divyjimi
locative	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ
vocative	*diviji	*divyję̇	*divaja

Derived terms

(nouns):

*divakъ m
*divota f

Related terms

(adjectives):

*divьnъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- ⇒ Old East Slavic: дивии (divii)
- Belarusian: дзивый (dzivyj) (dialectal)
- Russian: ди́вый (dívyj) (dialectal)
South Slavic:
- ⇒ Bulgarian: див огън (div ogǎn, “fire”)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: див
  
  Latin script: div
  - ⇒ Latin script: dívlji oganj, dìvljā vatra
- ⇒ Slovene: dívji
  - ⇒ Slovene: dívji mož (“faun, satyr”), dívji ogenj (“fire”)
West Slavic:
- Czech: divý
  - ⇒ Czech: divý muž m (“faun”), divá žena f (“rusalka”), divoženka f (“rusalka”)
- Polish: dziwy (rare)
- ⇒ Slovak: divý muž m (“mythical creature”), divá žienka f (“mythical creature”)

Etymology 4

Inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwas (“wild”). By surface analysis, Proto-Indo-European *dʰi- +‎ *-vъ. Cognate Latvian dievs (“wild”).

It was also suggested that the lemma derives from Early Slavic *Divъ (“sky god”) or *divъ (“god”), from Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwás (“god”).^[8] According to that theory, Proto-Slavic *divъ zvě̑rь (“wild animal”), Latvian dieva zuosis (“wild geese”), dieva vērši (“wild oxen”) etc., are similar to Hittite [script needed] (šiunaš ḫuitar, “wild animals, literally, godly animals”) from 𒅆𒍑 (ši-uš, “god”).

Adjective

*divъ^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]

natural, intact, wild
Synonym: *dikъ
feral, wild (about animals or plants)
Synonym: *dikъ

*divъ zvě̑rь ― wild animal

*divъ veprь ― wild boar

*diva svinьja ― wild pig

*diva koza ― wild goat; roe deer

*divъ golǫbь ― wild pigeon

*diva gǫ̑sь ― wild goose

*diva bьčela ― wild bee

*divo zelьje ― wild herb

*divъ mȅdъ ― forest honey
empty, unpopulated, uncultivated (about land)
Synonym: *dikъ
(figuratively) savage, fierce, unrestrained, outrageous, barbarous (about people or behaviour)
Synonym: *dikъ

Declension

Indefinite declension of *divъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divъ	*diva	*divo
genitive	*diva	*divy	*diva
dative	*divu	*divě	*divu
accusative	*divъ	*divǫ	*divo
instrumental	*divomь	*divojǫ	*divomь
locative	*divě	*divě	*divě
vocative	*dive	*divo	*divo
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*diva	*divě	*divě
genitive	*divu	*divu	*divu
dative	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
accusative	*diva	*divě	*divě
instrumental	*divoma	*divama	*divoma
locative	*divu	*divu	*divu
vocative	*diva	*divě	*divě
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divi	*divy	*diva
genitive	*divъ	*divъ	*divъ
dative	*divomъ	*divamъ	*divomъ
accusative	*divy	*divy	*diva
instrumental	*divy	*divami	*divy
locative	*divěxъ	*divaxъ	*divěxъ
vocative	*divi	*divy	*diva

Definite declension of *divъ (hard)

singular	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
genitive	*divajego	*divyję̇	*divajego
dative	*divujemu	*divěji	*divujemu
accusative	*divъjь	*divǫjǫ	*divoje
instrumental	*divyjimь	*divǫjǫ	*divyjimь
locative	*divějemь	*divěji	*divějemь
vocative	*divъjь	*divaja	*divoje
dual	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
genitive	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
dative	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
accusative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
instrumental	*divyjima	*divyjima	*divyjima
locative	*divuju	*divuju	*divuju
vocative	*divaja	*divěji	*divěji
plural	masculine	feminine	neuter
nominative	*diviji	*divyję̇	*divaja
genitive	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ	*divъjixъ
dative	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ	*divyjimъ
accusative	*divyję̇	*divyję̇	*divaja
instrumental	*divyjimi	*divyjimi	*divyjimi
locative	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ	*divyjixъ
vocative	*diviji	*divyję̇	*divaja

Derived terms

(nouns):

(verbs):

*divěti impf
*diviti impf
*divьjati impf

(adjectives):

*divьjь

Related terms

(nouns):

*divьjačь f
*divьjadь f

(adjectives):

*divьnъ

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old Ruthenian: дивый (divyj)
  - Ukrainian: (dialectal) ди́вий (dývyj)
South Slavic:
- Bulgarian: див (div)
- Macedonian: див (div)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: (dialectal) ди̏в, ди̂в
  
  Latin script: (dialectal) dȉv, dîv
West Slavic:
- Czech: divý
- Polabian: dai̯vĕ
- Polish: dziwy (obsolete)
- Silesian: dziwy
- Old Slovak: divý
  - Pannonian Rusyn: дзиви (dzivi)
  - Slovak: divý
- Pomeranian:
  - Kashubian: dzëwi
  - Slovincian: dzëwy
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: źiwy
  - Upper Sorbian: dźiwy (dialectal)

Etymology 5

Onomatopoeic. Secondarily associated with *diviti. Compare similar Bulgarian джив-джив (dživ-dživ), Macedonian џив-џив (dživ-dživ).

Interjection

*divъ^[13]

(West Slavic) tweet, chirp (sound of a sparrow)

Descendants

West Slavic:
- Czech: div
- Polish: dziw
- Sorbian:
  - Lower Sorbian: źiw
  - Upper Sorbian: dźiw

Etymology 6

Expected reflex of Proto-Balto-Slavic *deiwás (“god”), from Proto-Indo-European *deywós. Displaced by *bȍgъ during Slavic-Iranian contacts (see there for further information).

Noun

*dȋvъ m^[14]

(religion) god

Inflection

Declension of *dȋvъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm c)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*dȋvъ	*dȋva	*dȋvi
genitive	*dȋva	*divù	*dĩvъ
dative	*dȋvu	*divomà	*divòmъ
accusative	*dȋvъ	*dȋva	*dȋvy
instrumental	dȋvъmь, dȋvomь^*	*divomà	*divý
locative	*dȋvě	*divù	*divě̃xъ
vocative	*dive	*dȋva	*dȋvi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

References

^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 2”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 226
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*divъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35
^ Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “dziw”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, page 146
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*divъ I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Snoj, Marko (2016) “diven”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “iz *divъ̏ (ali *dȋvъ) ‛čudež, čudo, demon’”
^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 1”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 225
^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 3”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 227
^ Gołąb, Zbigniew (1975) “Linguistic traces of primitive religious Dualism in Slavic”, in Erlich, Victor, editor, For Wiktor Weintraub. Essays in Polish Literature, Language and History Presented on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Mouton, →ISBN, pages 151-159
^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*divъ II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108
^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 4”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 228
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “divъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35
^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “divji”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *dívьjь, izpeljano iz *divъ̏ ‛zli duh, demon, čudo’”
^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 5”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 231
^ Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 4”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 231

[1] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 2”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 226

[2] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “*divъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35

[3] Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “dziw”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN, page 146

[4] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*divъ I”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[SES-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Snoj, Marko (2016) “diven”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “iz *divъ̏ (ali *dȋvъ) ‛čudež, čudo, demon’”

[6] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 1”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 225

[7] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 3”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 227

[8] Gołąb, Zbigniew (1975) “Linguistic traces of primitive religious Dualism in Slavic”, in Erlich, Victor, editor, For Wiktor Weintraub. Essays in Polish Literature, Language and History Presented on the Occasion of his 65th Birthday, Mouton, →ISBN, pages 151-159

[9] Derksen, Rick (2008) “*divъ II”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 108

[10] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 4”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 228

[11] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1978), “divъ(jь)”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 5 (*dělo – *dьržьlь), Moscow: Nauka, page 35

[12] Snoj, Marko (2016) “divji”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “Pslovan. *dívьjь, izpeljano iz *divъ̏ ‛zli duh, demon, čudo’”

[13] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 5”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 231

[14] Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1979), “divъ 4”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volume 3 (davьnъ – dobirati sę), Wrocław: Ossolineum, →ISBN, page 231

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Proto-Slavic

Etymology 1

Noun

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Etymology 2

Noun

Declension

Descendants

Further reading

Etymology 3

Adjective

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Etymology 4

Adjective

Declension

Derived terms

Related terms

Descendants

Etymology 5

Interjection

Descendants

Etymology 6

Noun

Inflection

References