Appendix:Latin irregular verbs
The irregular verbs of Latin consist of the following verbs and their compounds. Most do not belong to a particular conjugation, because their second principle parts are irregular. However, dō is said to be in the first conjugation, and sum along with fero are said to be irregular verbs, that is, they do not keep any rule in their conjugation.
Future active participle: futūrus, –a, –um
Present active infinitive: esse
Future active infinitive: futūrus esse or fore
Perfect active infinitive: fuisse
| sum, esse, fuī — to be, exist | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | sum | es | est | sumus | estis | sunt |
| Imperfect | eram | erās | erat | erāmus | erātis | erant |
| Future | erō | eris | erit | erimus | eritis | erunt |
| Perfect | fuī | fuistī | fuit | fuimus | fuistis | fuērunt |
| Pluperfect | fueram | fuerās | fuerat | fuerāmus | fuerātis | fuerant |
| Future perfect | fuerō | fueris | fuerit | fuerimus | fueritis | fuerint |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | sim | sīs | sit | sīmus | sītis | sint |
| Imperfect | essem | essēs | esset | essēmus | essētis | essent |
| Perfect | fuerim | fuerīs | fuerit | fuerīmus | fuerītis | fuerint |
| Pluperfect | fuissem | fuissēs | fuisset | fuissēmus | fuissētis | fuissent |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | es | —— | —— | este | —— |
| Future | —— | estō | estō | —— | estōte | suntō |
Although this verb lacks a present active participle, unusually, derivatives absum and praesum have forms absēns and praesēns, but these do not come from the non-existent *sēns (compare sōns). Another present participle, ēns was used from Medieval Latin.
| possum, posse, potuī — to be able, can | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | possum | potes | potest | possumus | potestis | possunt |
| Imperfect | poteram | poterās | poterat | poterāmus | poterātis | poterant |
| Future | poterō | poteris | poterit | poterimus | poteritis | poterunt |
| Perfect | potuī | potuistī | potuit | potuimus | potuistis | potuērunt |
| Pluperfect | potueram | potuerās | potuerat | potuerāmus | potuerātis | potuerant |
| Future perfect | potuerō | potueris | potuerit | potuerimus | potueritis | potuerint |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | possim | possīs | possit | possīmus | possītis | possint |
| Imperfect | possem | possēs | posset | possēmus | possētis | possent |
| Perfect | potuerim | potuerīs | potuerit | potuerīmus | potuerītis | potuerint |
| Pluperfect | potuissem | potuissēs | potuisset | potuissēmus | potuissētis | potuissent |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | potes | —— | —— | poteste | —— |
| Future | —— | potestō | potestō | —— | potestōte | possuntō |
| eō, īre, īvī1, ītum — to go | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | eō | īs | it | īmus | ītis | eunt |
| Imperfect | ībam | ībās | ībat | ībāmus | ībātis | ībant |
| Future | ībō | ībis | ībit | ībimus | ībitis | ībunt |
| Perfect | īvī | īvistī | īvit | īvimus | īvistis | īvērunt |
| Pluperfect | īveram | īverās | īverat | īverāmus | īverātis | īverant |
| Future perfect | īverō | īveris | īverit | īverimus | īveritis | īverint |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | eam | eās | eat | eāmus | eātis | eant |
| Imperfect | īrem | īrēs | īret | īrēmus | īrētis | īrent |
| Perfect | īverim | īverīs | īverit | īverīmus | īverītis | īverint |
| Pluperfect | īvissem | īvissēs | īvisset | īvissēmus | īvissētis | īvissent |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | ī | —— | —— | īte | —— |
| Future | —— | ītō | ītō | —— | ītōte | euntō |
1—may be iī
| volō, velle, voluī — to wish, want | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | volō | vīs | vult | volumus | vultis | volunt |
| Imperfect | volēbam | volēbās | volēbat | volēbāmus | volēbātis | volēbant |
| Future | volam | volēs | volet | volēmus | volētis | volent |
| Perfect | voluī | voluistī | voluit | voluimus | voluistis | voluērunt |
| Pluperfect | volueram | voluerās | voluerat | voluerāmus | voluerātis | voluerant |
| Future perfect | voluerō | volueris | voluerit | voluerimus | volueritis | voluerint |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | velim | velīs | velit | velīmus | velītis | velint |
| Imperfect | vellem | vellēs | vellet | vellēmus | vellētis | vellent |
| Perfect | voluerim | voluerīs | voluerit | voluerīmus | voluerītis | voluerint |
| Pluperfect | voluissem | voluissēs | voluisset | voluissēmus | voluissētis | voluissent |
| nōlō, nōlle, nōluī — to be unwilling | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | nōlō | nōn vīs | nōn vult | nōlumus | nōn vultis | nōlunt |
| Imperfect | nōlēbam | nōlēbās | nōlēbat | nōlēbāmus | nōlēbātis | nōlēbant |
| Future | nōlam | nōlēs | nōlet | nōlēmus | nōlētis | nōlent |
| Perfect | nōluī | nōluistī | nōluit | nōluimus | nōluistis | nōluērunt |
| Pluperfect | nōlueram | nōluerās | nōluerat | nōluerāmus | nōluerātis | nōluerant |
| Future perfect | nōluerō | nōlueris | nōluerit | nōluerimus | nōlueritis | nōluerint |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | nōlim | nōlīs | nōlit | nōlīmus | nōlītis | nōlint |
| Imperfect | nōllem | nōllēs | nōllet | nōllēmus | nōllētis | nōllent |
| Perfect | nōluerim | nōluerīs | nōluerit | nōluerīmus | nōluerītis | nōluerint |
| Pluperfect | nōluissem | nōluissēs | nōluisset | nōluissēmus | nōluissētis | nōluissent |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | nōlī | —— | —— | nōlīte | —— |
| Future | —— | nōlītō | nōlītō | —— | nōlītōte | nōluntō |
| mālō, mālle, māluī — to prefer | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | mālō | māvīs | māvult | mālumus | māvultis | mālunt |
| Imperfect | mālēbam | mālēbās | mālēbat | mālēbāmus | mālēbātis | mālēbant |
| Future | mālam | mālēs | mālet | mālēmus | mālētis | mālent |
| Perfect | māluī | māluistī | māluit | māluimus | māluistis | māluērunt |
| Pluperfect | mālueram | māluerās | māluerat | māluerāmus | māluerātis | māluerant |
| Future perfect | māluerō | mālueris | māluerit | māluerimus | mālueritis | māluerint |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | mālim | mālīs | mālit | mālīmus | mālītis | mālint |
| Imperfect | māllem | māllēs | māllet | māllēmus | māllētis | māllent |
| Perfect | māluerim | māluerīs | māluerit | māluerīmus | māluerītis | māluerint |
| Pluperfect | māluissem | māluissēs | māluisset | māluissēmus | māluissētis | māluissent |
| ferō, ferre, tulī, lātum — to bear | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | ferō | fers | fert | ferimus | fertis | ferunt |
| Imperfect | ferēbam | ferēbās | ferēbat | ferēbāmus | ferēbātis | ferēbant |
| Future | feram | ferēs | feret | ferēmus | ferētis | ferent |
| Perfect | tulī | tulistī | tulit | tulimus | tulistis | tulērunt |
| Pluperfect | tuleram | tulerās | tulerat | tulerāmus | tulerātis | tulerant |
| Future perfect | tulerō | tuleris | tulerit | tulerimus | tuleritis | tulerint |
| Subjunctive mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | feram | ferās | ferat | ferāmus | ferātis | ferant |
| Imperfect | ferrem | ferrēs | ferret | ferrēmus | ferrētis | ferrent |
| Perfect | tulerim | tulerīs | tulerit | tulerīmus | tulerītis | tulerint |
| Pluperfect | tulissem | tulissēs | tulisset | tulissēmus | tulissētis | tulissent |
| Imperative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | fer | —— | —— | ferte | —— |
| Future | —— | fertō | fertō | —— | fertōte | feruntō |
| Indicative mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | feror | ferris | fertur | ferimur | feriminī | feruntur |
| Imperfect | ferēbar | ferēbāris | ferēbātur | ferēbāmur | ferēbāminī | ferēbantur |
| Future | ferar | ferēris | ferētur | ferēmur | ferēminī | ferentur |
| Perfect | lātus sum |
lātus es |
lātus est |
lātī sumus |
lātī estis |
lātī sunt |
| Pluperfect | lātus eram |
lātus erās |
lātus erat |
lātī erāmus |
lātī erātis |
lātī erant |
| Future perfect | lātus erō |
lātus eris |
lātus erit |
lātī erimus |
lātī eritis |
lātī erunt |
| Subjunctive mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | ferar | ferāris | ferātur | ferāmur | ferāminī | ferantur |
| Imperfect | ferrer | ferrēris | ferrētur | ferrēmur | ferrēminī | ferrentur |
| Perfect | lātus sim |
lātus sīs |
lātus sit |
lātī sīmus |
lātī sītis |
lātī sint |
| Pluperfect | lātus essem |
lātus essēs |
lātus esset |
lātī essēmus |
lātī essētis |
lātī essent |
| Imperative mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | ferre | —— | —— | feriminī | —— |
| Future | —— | fertor | fertor | —— | —— | feruntor |
This verb serves as the passive of faciō in the Present System. It lacks a perfect and participial stem, as the Perfect System and the Future Passive Participle are formed regularly from faciō. The vowel i of the stem is long throughout, except in the third singular and before -er.
| fīō, fierī, factus sum — to become, be made | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | fīō | fīs | fit | fīmus | fītis | fīunt |
| Imperfect | fīēbam | fīēbās | fīēbat | fīēbāmus | fīēbātis | fīēbant |
| Future | fīam | fīēs | fīet | fīēmus | fīētis | fīent |
| Perfect | factus sum | factus es | factus est | factī sumus | factī estis | factī sunt |
| Pluperfect | factus eram | factus erās | factus erat | factī erāmus | factī erātis | factī erant |
| Future perfect | factus erō | factus eris | factus erit | factī erimus | factī eritis | factī erunt |
| Subjunctive mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | fīam | fīās | fīat | fīāmus | fīātis | fīant |
| Imperfect | fierem | fierēs | fieret | fieremus | fieretis | fierent |
| Perfect | factus sim | factus sīs | factus sit | factī sīmus | factī sītis | factī sint |
| Pluperfect | factus essem | factus essēs | factus esset | factī essēmus | factī essētis | factī essent |
| Imperative mood | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | fī | —— | —— | fīte | —— |
| edō, ēsse or edĕre, ēdī, ēsum — to eat | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | edō | ēs or edis |
ēst or edit |
edimus | ēstis or editis |
edunt |
| Imperfect | edēbam | edēbās | edēbat | edēbāmus | edēbātis | edēbant |
| Future | edam | edēs | edet | edēmus | edētis | edent |
| Perfect | ēdī | ēdistī | ēdit | ēdimus | ēdistis | ēdērunt |
| Pluperfect | ēderam | ēderās | ēderat | ēderāmus | ēderātis | ēderant |
| Future perfect | ēderō | ēderis | ēderit | ēderimus | ēderitis | ēderint |
| Subjunctive mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | edam or edim |
edās or edīs |
edat or edit |
edāmus or edīmus |
edātis or edītis |
edant or edint |
| Imperfect | ēssem or ederem |
ēssēs or ederēs |
ēsset or ederet |
ēssēmus or ederēmus |
ēssētis or ederētis |
ēssent or ederent |
| Perfect | ēderim | ēderīs | ēderit | ēderīmus | ēderītis | ēderint |
| Pluperfect | ēdissem | ēdissēs | ēdisset | ēdissēmus | ēdissētis | ēdissent |
| Imperative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | ēs or ede |
—— | —— | ēste or edite |
—— |
| Future | —— | ēstō or editō |
ēstō or editō |
—— | ēstōte or editōte |
eduntō |
| Indicative mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | edor | ederis | ēstur or editur |
edimur | ediminī | eduntur |
| Imperfect | edēbar | edēbāris | edēbātur | edēbāmur | edēbāminī | edēbantur |
| Future | edar | edēris | edētur | edēmur | edēminī | edentur |
| Perfect | ēsus sum |
ēsus es |
ēsus est |
ēsī sumus |
ēsī estis |
ēsī sunt |
| Pluperfect | ēsus eram |
ēsus erās |
ēsus erat |
ēsī erāmus |
ēsī erātis |
ēsī erant |
| Future perfect | ēsus erō |
ēsus eris |
ēsus erit |
ēsī erimus |
ēsī eritis |
ēsī erint |
| Subjunctive mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | edar | edāris | edātur | edāmur | edāminī | edantur |
| Imperfect | ederer | ederēris | ēssētur or ederētur |
ederēmur | ederēminī | ederentur |
| Perfect | ēsus sim |
ēsus sīs |
ēsus sit |
ēsī sīmus |
ēsī sītis |
ēsī sint |
| Pluperfect | ēsus essem |
ēsus essēs |
ēsus esset |
ēsī essēmus |
ēsī essētis |
ēsī essent |
| Imperative mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | ēsse or edere |
—— | —— | ediminī | —— |
| Future | —— | ēstor | ēstor | —— | —— | eduntor |
| dō, dăre, dedī, dătum — to give | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | dō | dās | dat | dămus | dătis | dant |
| Imperfect | dăbam | dăbās | dăbat | dăbāmus | dăbātis | dăbant |
| Future | dăbō | dabis | dabit | dabimus | dabitis | dabunt |
| Perfect | dedī | dedistī | dedit | dedimus | dedistis | dedērunt |
| Pluperfect | dederam | dederās | dederat | dederāmus | dederātis | dederant |
| Future perfect | dederō | dederis | dederit | dederimus | dederitis | dederint |
| Subjunctive mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | dem (duim) | dēs (duīs) | det (duit) | dēmus (duīmus) | dētis (duītis) | dent (duint) |
| Imperfect | darem | darēs | daret | darēmus | darētis | darent |
| Perfect | dederim | dederīs | dederit | dederīmus | dederītis | dederint |
| Pluperfect | dedissem | dedissēs | dedisset | dedissēmus | dedissētis | dedissent |
| Imperative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | dā | —— | —— | dăte | —— |
| Future | —— | dătō | dătō | —— | dătōte | dăntō |
| Indicative mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | dor | daris | datur | damur | daminī | dantur |
| Imperfect | dabar | dabāris | dabātur | dabāmur | dabāminī | dabantur |
| Future | dabor | dabēris | dabitur | dabimur | dabiminī | dabuntur |
| Perfect | dătus sum |
dătus es |
dătus est |
dătī sumus |
dătī estis |
dătī sunt |
| Pluperfect | dătus eram |
dătus erās |
dătus erat |
dătī erāmus |
dătī erātis |
dătī erant |
| Future perfect | dătus erō |
dătus eris |
dătus erit |
dătī erimus |
dătī eritis |
dătī erint |
| Subjunctive mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | der | dēris | dētur | dēmur | dēminī | dentur |
| Imperfect | darer | darēris | darētur | darēmur | darēminī | darentur |
| Perfect | dătus sim |
dătus sīs |
dătus sit |
dătī sīmus |
dătī sītis |
dătī sint |
| Pluperfect | dătus essem |
dătus essēs |
dătus esset |
dătī essēmus |
dătī essētis |
dătī essent |
| Imperative mood Passive voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | dare | —— | —— | daminī | —— |
| Future | —— | dator | dator | —— | —— | dantor |
aiō, aiiō
| inquam, ——, inquii, —— — to say | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indicative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | inquam | inquis | inquit | inquimus | inquitis | inquiunt |
| Imperfect | —— | —— | inquiebat | —— | —— | —— |
| Future | —— | inquies | inquiet | —— | —— | —— |
| Perfect | inquii | inquistī | inquit | —— | —— | —— |
| Subjunctive mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | —— | inquiat | —— | —— | —— |
| Imperative mood Active voice | ||||||
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| Present | —— | inque | —— | —— | —— | —— |
| Future | —— | inquitō | inquitō | —— | —— | —— |
Other irregular verbs
[edit]Verbs with an irregular short 2nd person singular imperative
[edit]- dīcō (2nd person singular imperative dīc)
- dūcō (2nd person singular imperative dūc)
- faciō (2nd person singular imperative fac)
- ferō (2nd person singular imperative fer)
Verbs with an irregular future active participle
[edit]- morior (future active participle moritūrus, not mortuūrus)
- orior (future active participle oritūrus, not ortūrus)
- nāscor (future active participle nāscitūrus, not nātūrus)
- ruō (future active participle ruitūrus, not rutūrus)