杉

See also: 衫

杉 U+6749, 杉 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6749 ← 杈 [U+6748] CJK Unified Ideographs 杊 → [U+674A]

Translingual

Han character

杉 (Kangxi radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木竹竹竹 (DHHH), four-corner 4292₂, composition ⿰木彡)

Derived characters

• 𱒩, 涁, 𬫕, 𣒡, 𪓫

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 511, character 4
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14452
• Dae Jaweon: page 895, character 3
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1161, character 2
• Unihan data for U+6749

Chinese

simp. and trad.		杉
alternative forms		檆

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (彡) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
杉	*sreːm
彡	*sroːm, *slom
衫	*sroːm
髟	*priw, *piw, *sroːm
釤	*sraːms
䑣	*l̥ʰun
彤	*l'uːŋ
浵	*l'uːŋ
肜	*luŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *sreːm) : semantic 木 (“tree”) + phonetic 彡 (OC *sroːm, *slom).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): shān, shā (shan¹, sha¹)

  (Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ, ㄕㄚ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): caam³ / saam¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): chham

  (Meixian, Guangdong): cam⁴

• Jin (Wiktionary): san¹
• Northern Min (KCR): sáng
• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): sam

  (Teochew, Peng'im): sam¹

• Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): ¹se

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shān
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: shan
    • Wade–Giles: shan¹
    • Yale: shān
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shan
    • Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵⁵/
      
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: shā
    • Zhuyin: ㄕㄚ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: sha
    • Wade–Giles: sha¹
    • Yale: shā
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sha
    • Palladius: ша (ša)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂä⁵⁵/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
    • Jyutping: caam³ / saam¹
    • Yale: chaam / sāam
    • Cantonese Pinyin: tsaam³ / saam¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: cam³ / sam¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʰaːm³³/, /saːm⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chham
    • Hakka Romanization System: cam
    • Hagfa Pinyim: cam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam⁵⁵/
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: cam⁴
    • Sinological IPA: /t͡sʰam⁵³/
• Jin
  • (Taiyuan)⁺
    • Wiktionary: san¹
    • Sinological IPA (old-style): /sæ̃¹¹/
• Northern Min
  • (Jian'ou)
    • Kienning Colloquial Romanized: sáng
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /saŋ⁵⁴/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: sam
    • Tâi-lô: sam
    • Phofsit Daibuun: safm
    • IPA (Xiamen): /sam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /sam³³/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /sam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /sam⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /sam⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: sam¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sam
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /sam³³/
• Wu
  • (Northern: Shanghai)
    • Wugniu: ¹se
    • MiniDict: se^平
    • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ¹se
    • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /se⁵³/

---

• Middle Chinese: sream

Rime
Character	杉
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	生 (21)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	所咸切
Baxter	sream
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʃˠɛm/
Pan Wuyun	/ʃᵚæm/
Shao Rongfen	/ʃɐm/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʂəɨm/
Li Rong	/ʃɐm/
Wang Li	/ʃɐm/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʂăm/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shān
Expected Cantonese Reflex	saam1

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*sreːm/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	杉
Reading #	1/1
No.	11042
Phonetic component	彡
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	攕
Old Chinese	/*sreːm/
Notes	同檆，三國後俗體

Definitions

杉

1. fir (various species of conifers)

   杉木  ―  shānmù  ―  Cunninghamia lanceolata (China fir)

   冷杉  ―  lěngshān  ―  Abies (firs)

   南洋杉  ―  nányángshān  ―  Araucaria cunninghamii (hoop pine)

2. Used in transliterations.

Compounds

• 冷杉 (lěngshān)
• 杉嶺／杉岭
• 杉木
• 杉林 (Shānlín)
• 杉林溪
• 杉篙
• 杉關／杉关
• 柳杉
• 水杉 (shuǐshān)
• 油杉
• 洛杉磯／洛杉矶 (Luòshānjī)
• 紅杉／红杉
• 紅杉軍／红杉军
• 紫杉 (zǐshān)
• 貝殼杉／贝壳杉
• 鐵杉／铁杉 (tiěshān)
• 雲杉／云杉 (yúnshān)

 

Japanese

Kanji

杉

(Jōyō kanji)

Readings

• Go-on: せん (sen)^{←せん (sen, historical)←せむ (semu, ancient)}
• Kan-on: さん (san)^{←さん (san, historical)←さむ (samu, ancient)}
• Kun: すぎ (sugi, 杉, Jōyō)

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
杉
すぎ Grade: S
kun'yomi

Alternative spelling
椙

From Old Japanese 杉 (sugi₂), which Miyake (1997) (apud Schuessler, 2007) associates with Old Chinese 松 (OC *sɢloŋ). Ultimately comes from reconstructed Proto-Japonic *sunkOi.

First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) すぎ [sùgí] (Heiban – [0])
• IPA^(key): [sɨɡʲi]

Noun

杉(すぎ) or 杉(スギ) • (sugi) 

1. Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)

Usage notes

• As with many terms that name organisms, this term is often spelled in katakana, especially in biological contexts (where katakana is customary), as スギ.

Descendants

• → English: sugi

Proper noun

杉(すぎ) • (Sugi) 

1. a surname

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
杉
すぎ Grade: S (ateji)
kun'yomi

This kanji is an ateji (当て字).

Suffix

杉(すぎ) • (-sugi) 

1. (Internet slang, dated) Alternative spelling of 過ぎ (“excessively, form of 過ぎる (sugiru)”)

Korean

Hanja

杉 • (sam) (hangeul 삼, revised sam, McCune–Reischauer sam, Yale sam)

1. (삼나무): Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica)

Vietnamese

Han character

杉: Hán Nôm readings: sam, trinh

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

• Nom Foundation