文書

See also: 文书

Chinese

		language; culture; writing language; culture; writing; formal; literary; gentle	book; letter
trad. (文書)		文	書
simp. (文书)		文	书

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): wénshū

  (Zhuyin): ㄨㄣˊ ㄕㄨ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): man⁴ syu¹
• Hakka

  (Sixian, PFS): vùn-sû

  (Hailu, HRS): vun shu^ˋ

• Southern Min

  (Hokkien, POJ): bûn-su / bûn-sir / bûn-si

  (Teochew, Peng'im): bhung⁵ ze¹

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)
    • Hanyu Pinyin: wénshū
    • Zhuyin: ㄨㄣˊ ㄕㄨ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: wúnshu
    • Wade–Giles: wên²-shu¹
    • Yale: wén-shū
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: wenshu
    • Palladius: вэньшу (vɛnʹšu)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /wən³⁵ ʂu⁵⁵/
    • Homophones:

      [Show/Hide]
      edit edit 文書 / 文书 文殊

• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: man⁴ syu¹
    • Yale: màhn syū
    • Cantonese Pinyin: man⁴ sy¹
    • Guangdong Romanization: men⁴ xu¹
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /mɐn²¹ syː⁵⁵/
• Hakka
  • (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
    • Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: vùn-sû
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun^ˇ su^ˊ
    • Hagfa Pinyim: vun² su¹
    • Sinological IPA: /vun¹¹ su²⁴/
  • (Hailu, incl. Zhudong)
    • Hakka Romanization System: vun shu^ˋ
    • Sinological IPA: /vun⁵⁵ ʃu⁵³/
• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-su
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-su
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bunsw
    • IPA (Xiamen): /bun²⁴⁻²² su⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /bun²³⁻³³ su⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Taipei): /bun²⁴⁻¹¹ su⁴⁴/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-sir
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-sir
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /bun²⁴⁻²² sɯ³³/
  • (Hokkien: Zhangzhou, Yilan)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: bûn-si
    • Tâi-lô: bûn-si
    • Phofsit Daibuun: bunsy
    • IPA (Yilan): /bun²⁴⁻³³ si⁴⁴/
    • IPA (Zhangzhou): /bun¹³⁻²² si⁴⁴/
  • (Teochew)
    • Peng'im: bhung⁵ ze¹
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: bûng tsṳ
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /buŋ⁵⁵⁻¹¹ t͡sɯ³³/

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• Middle Chinese: mjun syo

Rime
Character	文	書
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Initial (聲)	明 (4)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	文 (59)	魚 (22)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Closed	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	無分切	傷魚切
Baxter	mjun	syo
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/mɨun/	/ɕɨʌ/
Pan Wuyun	/miun/	/ɕiɔ/
Shao Rongfen	/miuən/	/ɕiɔ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/mun/	/ɕɨə̆/
Li Rong	/miuən/	/ɕiɔ/
Wang Li	/mĭuən/	/ɕĭo/
Bernhard Karlgren	/mi̯uən/	/ɕi̯wo/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	wén	shū
Expected Cantonese Reflex	man4	syu1

• Old Chinese

  (Baxter–Sagart): /*mə[n]  s-ta/

  (Zhengzhang): /*mɯn  hlja/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	文	書
Reading #	1/1	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	wén	shū
Middle Chinese	‹ mjun ›	‹ syo ›
Old Chinese	/*mə[n]/	/*s-ta/
English	ornate	write
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p; * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	文	書
Reading #	1/1	1/1
No.	13015	17013
Phonetic component	文	者
Rime group	文	魚
Rime subdivision	1	0
Corresponding MC rime	文	書
Old Chinese	/*mɯn/	/*hlja/

Noun

文書

1. official document; official correspondence; official dispatch

   外交文書／外交文书  ―  wàijiāo wénshū  ―  diplomatic correspondence

2. (literary) secretary
3. (literary) written language; writing; script
4. (literary) books; works

Synonyms

• (official document): 公文 (gōngwén)

Derived terms

• 文書工作 / 文书工作 (wénshū gōngzuò)
• 文書處理 / 文书处理 (wénshū chǔlǐ)
• 文書處理器 / 文书处理器 (wénshū chǔlǐqì)
• 文書處理程式 / 文书处理程式 (wénshū chǔlǐ chéngshì)
• 文秘 (wénmì)

 

See also

• 幹事 / 干事
• 書記 / 书记 (shūjì)
• 秘書 / 秘书 (mìshū)

 

Japanese

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
文	書
ぶん Grade: 1	しょ Grade: 2
kan'yōon	on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 文書 (*miən *shiu). Compare modern Chinese 文書 / 文书 (wénshū).

The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. Now the most common reading for this term.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) ぶんしょ [búꜜǹshò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [bɯ̟̃ɰ̃ɕo̞]

Noun

文(ぶん)書(しょ) • (bunsho) 

1. a document, a written record

   文書(ぶんしょ)でお問(と)い合(あ)わせください。

   Bunsho de otoiawase kudasai.

   Please contact us in writing.

   物語(ものがたり)を丸(まる)ごと文書(ぶんしょ)に書(か)き留(と)めた。

   Monogatari o marugoto bunsho ni kakitometa.

   She wrote down the whole story. / She got the whole story down on paper.

2. a letter, an epistle

   文書(ぶんしょ)を頻繁(ひんぱん)に交(か)わしていた。

   Bunsho o hinpan ni kawashite ita.

   They frequently exchanged letters.

Synonyms

• (writing): 文章
• (letter, epistle): 手紙

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
文	書
もん Grade: 1	しょ > じょ Grade: 2
goon	on'yomi

From Middle Chinese compound 文書 (*miən *shiu), with rendaku for the 書 character. The sho changes to jo as an instance of rendaku (連濁). Compare modern Chinese 文書 / 文书 (wénshū).

The goon reading, so likely the initial borrowing. Less common reading in modern Japanese.

Pronunciation

• (Tokyo) もんじょ [móꜜǹjò] (Atamadaka – [1])
• IPA^(key): [mõ̞ɲ̟d͡ʑo̞]

Noun

文(もん)書(じょ) • (monjo) 

1. a document
2. (in palaeography) a written text between two parties

Derived terms

• 古文書(こもんじょ) (komonjo): an ancient document

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
文	書
もん Grade: 1	ぞ Grade: 2
goon	irregular

Archaic alteration of monjo above.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [mõ̞nd͡zo̞]

Noun

文(もん)書(ぞ) • (monzo) 

1. (archaic) a document
2. (archaic) (in palaeography) a written text between two parties

Etymology 4

Kanji in this term
文	書
ふみ Grade: 1	か(き) > が(き) Grade: 2
kun'yomi

Compound of 文 (fumi, “writing; a letter, an epistle”) +‎ 書 (kaki, “writing”, the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, “stem or continuative form”) of verb 書く kaku, “to write”). The kaki changes to gaki as an instance of rendaku (連濁).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [ɸɯ̟mʲiɡa̠kʲi]

Noun

文(ふみ)書(がき) • (fumigaki) 

1. (archaic) the act of writing of a letter or correspondence
2. (archaic) the writing in a letter or correspondence, especially the style or appearance
   • c. 1001–1014, Murasaki Shikibu, Genji Monogatari (text here):

     古代なる御文書きなれど

     こだいなるおおむふみがきなれど

     Kodai naru ōmu-fumigaki naredo

     The writing is old-fashioned, but...