いる

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Japanese

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Etymology 1

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Alternative spelling
居る

/wiru//iru/

From Old Japanese. Found in the Nihon Shoki, completed around 720 CE.[1] from Proto-Japonic *wu.

Pronunciation

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  • Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of 「居る
Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary
Stem forms
Terminal (終止形)
Attributive (連体形)
居る [ìrú]
Imperative (命令形) 居ろ [ìró]
Key constructions
Passive 居られる られる [ìrárérú]
Causative 居させる させる [ìsásérú]
Potential 居られる られる [ìrárérú]
Volitional 居よう [ìyóꜜò]
Negative 居ない ない [ìnáí]
Negative perfective 居なかった かった [ìnáꜜkàttà]
Formal 居ます [ìmáꜜsù]
Perfective 居た [ìtá]
Conjunctive 居て [ìté]
Hypothetical conditional 居れば [ìréꜜbà]

Verb

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いる (iruゐる (wiru)?intransitive ichidan (stem (i), past いた (ita))

  1. (of animate objects) to exist, to be
    (すず)()です()(なか)さんいますか?
    Suzuki desu ga, Tanaka-san imasu ka?
    This is Suzuki calling; may I speak to Tanaka?
    (literally, “[This] is Suzuki; is Tanaka present?”)
    あなたいない(なに)できない
    anata ga inai to nani mo dekinai
    I can't do anything if you aren't here/there
    (きみ)いた(なつ)
    kimi ga ita natsu
    the summer you were there [with me; by my side]
    (きみ)いた(なつ)
    kimi to ita natsu
    the summer [I] was with you
  2. (of animate objects) to have
    (かれ)()いますか?
    Kareshi imasu ka?
    Do you have a boyfriend?
  3. Used as a 補助動詞 (hojo dōshi), after a verb in the (-te) conjunctive form. Note that いる (-te iru) colloquially shortens to てる (-teru), いた (-te ita) colloquially shortens to てた (-teta), etc.
    1. Indicates a progressive or continuative tense: to be doing
      (あさ)(はん)()いますか?
      Asagohan o tabete imasu ka?
      Are you eating breakfast [now]?
      (だま)っていられるもんか!
      Damatte irareru mon ka!
      Like hell this is something I can silently let pass!
      (literally, “Is this something that I can be quiet about!?”)
      (なに)もしてねーって。
      Nani mo shite tte.
      I'm telling you, I haven't done anything.
      ()(ども)(あそ)いる
      Kodomo ga asonde iru.
      The children are playing.
    2. Indicates a regular, repetitive action.
      (あさ)(はん)()いますか?
      Asagohan o tabete imasu ka?
      Are you eating breakfast these days?
      This is equivalent to using the simple non-past form of verbs (e.g. 食べます (tabemasu ka) = 食べています (tabete imasu ka)).
    3. Indicates a state resulting from the action.
      (かべ)には()がかかっている
      Kabe ni wa e ga kakatte iru.
      There is a picture hanging on the wall.
      (ぶた)()いる
      Buta ga koete iru.
      The pig is fat.
  4. (obsolete) to sit
    • c. late 9th–mid-10th century, Taketori Monogatari
      それを()れば、(さん)(すん)ばかりなる(ひと)いと(うつく)しうて()たり。
      Sore wo mireba, sansun bakari naru fito ito utukusiute witari (Classical pronunciation)
      Sore o mireba, sansun bakari naru hito ito utsukushūte itari. (modern pronunciation)
      When he looked at it, there sat a very lovely human being about three sun long.
Conjugation
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Synonyms
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  • (dialectal) おる (oru)
  • ある (aru, of inanimate objects: to be)

Etymology 2

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For pronunciation and definitions of いる – see the following entries.
要る
[verb] to be necessary, to need
煎る
[verb] fry, broil
Alternative spellings
炒る, 熬る
入る
[verb] [from 759] to go in; to come in
[verb] [from 900s] 要る: to be necessary, to be required
[verb] to put something into something else
Alternative spelling
要る
鋳る
[verb] cast, mint
射る
[verb] shoot
[verb] (rare) shoot
率る
[verb] To take along with
Alternative spelling
将る
(This term, いる (iru), is the hiragana spelling of the above terms.)
For a list of all kanji read as いる, see Category:Japanese kanji read as いる.)

(The following entries are uncreated: 沃る, 將る.)

References

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  1. ^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典(新装版) [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ^ Uwano, Zendo (2002 October 31) “見島方言の用言のアクセント調査報告 [A Report on the Accentual Surveys of Verbs and Adjectives in the Mishima Dialect]”, in 環太平洋の「消滅に瀕した言語」にかんする緊急調査研究 [Endangered languages of the Pacific Rim]‎[1], →ISSN, archived from the original on 25 September 2022
  3. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  4. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN