ज्येष्ठ

Hindi

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha). Doublet of जेठ (jeṭh).

Pronunciation

• (Delhi) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒjeːʂʈʰ/

Proper noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭh) m

1. Jyeshth (third month of the Hindu lunar calendar)

Declension

Declension of ज्येष्ठ (masc cons-stem)

	singular	plural
direct	ज्येष्ठ jyeṣṭh	ज्येष्ठ jyeṣṭh
oblique	ज्येष्ठ jyeṣṭh	ज्येष्ठों jyeṣṭhõ
vocative	ज्येष्ठ jyeṣṭh	ज्येष्ठो jyeṣṭho

Adjective

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭh) (indeclinable)

1. eldest, first-born

   ज्येष्ठ भ्राता ― jyeṣṭh bhrātā ― eldest brother

Related terms

lunar monthsedit

• आश्विन (āśvin)
• आषाढ़ (āṣāṛh) ~ असाढ़ (asāṛh)
• कार्तिक (kārtik)
• चैत्र (caitra)
• ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭh)
• पौष (pauṣ)
• फाल्गुन (phālgun)
• भाद्र (bhādra)
• माघ (māgh)
• मार्गशीर्ष (mārgaśīrṣ), अग्रहायण (agrahāyaṇ)
• वैशाख (vaiśākh)
• श्रावण (śrāvaṇ)

Nepali

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [d͡zjes̠t̠ʰʌ]
• Phonetic Devanagari: ज्येस्ठ

Proper noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭha)

1. Jyeshtha
   1. the second month in the Vikram Samvat calendar
   2. the third month in the lunar Hindu calendar

   Synonym: जेठ (jeṭh)

Related terms

• (lunar months) वैशाख (vaiśākh), ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha) / जेठ (jeṭh), आषाढ (āṣāḍh), साउन (sāuna), भदौ (bhadau) / भाद्र (bhādra), असोज (asoj) / आश्विन (āśvina), कात्तिक (kāttik) / कार्त्तिक (kārttik), मङ्सिर (maṅsira) / मार्ग (mārga), पुस (pus) / पौष (pauṣ), माघ (māgh), फागुन (phāguna) / फाल्गुन (phālguna), चैत (cait) / चैत्र (caitra) ^{(Category: ne:Hindu lunar calendar months)}

Further reading

• “ज्येष्ठ”, in नेपाली बृहत् शब्दकोश (nepālī br̥hat śabdakoś) [Comprehensive Nepali Dictionary]‎^[1], Kathmandu: Nepal Academy, 2018
• Schmidt, Ruth L. (1993) “जेठ”, in A Practical Dictionary of Modern Nepali, Ratna Sagar

Sanskrit

Alternative scripts

Alternative scripts

• জ্যেষ্ঠ (Assamese script)
• ᬚ᭄ᬬᬾᬱ᭄ᬞ (Balinese script)
• জ্যেষ্ঠ (Bengali script)
• 𑰕𑰿𑰧𑰸𑰬𑰿𑰙 (Bhaiksuki script)
• 𑀚𑁆𑀬𑁂𑀱𑁆𑀞 (Brahmi script)
• ဇျေၑ္ဌ (Burmese script)
• જ્યેષ્ઠ (Gujarati script)
• ਜ੍ਯੇਸ਼੍ਠ (Gurmukhi script)
• 𑌜𑍍𑌯𑍇𑌷𑍍𑌠 (Grantha script)
• ꦗꦾꦺꦰ꧀ꦜ (Javanese script)
• 𑂔𑂹𑂨𑂵𑂭𑂹𑂘 (Kaithi script)
• ಜ್ಯೇಷ್ಠ (Kannada script)
• ជ្យេឞ្ឋ (Khmer script)
• ຊ຺ເຍຩ຺ຐ (Lao script)
• ജ്യേഷ്ഠ (Malayalam script)
• ᡯᠶᡝᢢᡱᠠ (Manchu script)
• 𑘕𑘿𑘧𑘹𑘬𑘿𑘙 (Modi script)
• ᠽᠶ᠋ᠧᢔᢍᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
• 𑦵𑧠𑧇𑧚𑧌𑧠𑦹 (Nandinagari script)
• 𑐖𑑂𑐫𑐾𑐲𑑂𑐛 (Newa script)
• ଜ୍ଯେଷ୍ଠ (Odia script)
• ꢙ꣄ꢫꢾꢰ꣄ꢝ (Saurashtra script)
• 𑆘𑇀𑆪𑆼𑆰𑇀𑆜 (Sharada script)
• 𑖕𑖿𑖧𑖸𑖬𑖿𑖙 (Siddham script)
• ජ්‍යෙෂ‍්ඨ (Sinhalese script)
• 𑩣 𑪙𑩻𑩔𑪀 𑪙𑩧 (Soyombo script)
• 𑚑𑚶𑚣𑚲𑚶𑚕 (Takri script)
• ஜ்யேஷ்ட² (Tamil script)
• జ్యేష్ఠ (Telugu script)
• ชฺเยษฺฐ (Thai script)
• ཛྱེ་ཥྛ (Tibetan script)
• 𑒖𑓂𑒨𑒹𑒭𑓂𑒚 (Tirhuta script)
• 𑨥𑩇𑨪𑨄𑨯𑩇𑨕 (Zanabazar Square script)

Etymology

Inherited from Proto-Indo-Iranian *ȷ́yáHištʰas, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *ǵyéH-isth₂-o-s, the superlative degree from the root *ǵyeH- (“to overpower, opress”).

Pronunciation

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjɐ́jʂ.ʈʰɐ/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjeːʂ.ʈʰɐ/

• (Vedic) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjɐjʂ.ʈʰɐ́/
• (Classical Sanskrit) IPA^(key): /d͡ʑjeːʂ.ʈʰɐ/

Adjective

ज्येष्ठ • (jyéṣṭha or jyeṣṭhá) stem

1. superlative degree of ज्या (jyā)

   Synonym: ज्यायस् (jyāyas)

2. most excellent, pre-eminent, first, chief, best, greatest
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ज्येष्ठ

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ज्येष्ठः (jyeṣṭhaḥ)	ज्येष्ठौ (jyeṣṭhau) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyeṣṭhāḥ) ज्येष्ठासः¹ (jyeṣṭhāsaḥ¹)
accusative	ज्येष्ठम् (jyeṣṭham)	ज्येष्ठौ (jyeṣṭhau) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठान् (jyeṣṭhān)
instrumental	ज्येष्ठेन (jyeṣṭhena)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठैः (jyeṣṭhaiḥ) ज्येष्ठेभिः¹ (jyeṣṭhebhiḥ¹)
dative	ज्येष्ठाय (jyeṣṭhāya)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठेभ्यः (jyeṣṭhebhyaḥ)
ablative	ज्येष्ठात् (jyeṣṭhāt)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठेभ्यः (jyeṣṭhebhyaḥ)
genitive	ज्येष्ठस्य (jyeṣṭhasya)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyeṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठानाम् (jyeṣṭhānām)
locative	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyeṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठेषु (jyeṣṭheṣu)
vocative	ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha)	ज्येष्ठौ (jyeṣṭhau) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyeṣṭhāḥ) ज्येष्ठासः¹ (jyeṣṭhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Feminine ā-stem declension of ज्येष्ठा

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ज्येष्ठा (jyeṣṭhā)	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyeṣṭhāḥ)
accusative	ज्येष्ठाम् (jyeṣṭhām)	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyeṣṭhāḥ)
instrumental	ज्येष्ठया (jyeṣṭhayā) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठाभिः (jyeṣṭhābhiḥ)
dative	ज्येष्ठायै (jyeṣṭhāyai)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठाभ्यः (jyeṣṭhābhyaḥ)
ablative	ज्येष्ठायाः (jyeṣṭhāyāḥ) ज्येष्ठायै² (jyeṣṭhāyai²)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठाभ्यः (jyeṣṭhābhyaḥ)
genitive	ज्येष्ठायाः (jyeṣṭhāyāḥ) ज्येष्ठायै² (jyeṣṭhāyai²)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyeṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठानाम् (jyeṣṭhānām)
locative	ज्येष्ठायाम् (jyeṣṭhāyām)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyeṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठासु (jyeṣṭhāsu)
vocative	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyeṣṭhāḥ)

• ¹Vedic
• ²Brāhmaṇas

Neuter a-stem declension of ज्येष्ठ

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ज्येष्ठम् (jyeṣṭham)	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठानि (jyeṣṭhāni) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)
accusative	ज्येष्ठम् (jyeṣṭham)	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठानि (jyeṣṭhāni) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)
instrumental	ज्येष्ठेन (jyeṣṭhena)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठैः (jyeṣṭhaiḥ) ज्येष्ठेभिः¹ (jyeṣṭhebhiḥ¹)
dative	ज्येष्ठाय (jyeṣṭhāya)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठेभ्यः (jyeṣṭhebhyaḥ)
ablative	ज्येष्ठात् (jyeṣṭhāt)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyeṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठेभ्यः (jyeṣṭhebhyaḥ)
genitive	ज्येष्ठस्य (jyeṣṭhasya)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyeṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठानाम् (jyeṣṭhānām)
locative	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyeṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठेषु (jyeṣṭheṣu)
vocative	ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha)	ज्येष्ठे (jyeṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठानि (jyeṣṭhāni) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyeṣṭhā¹)

• ¹Vedic

Derived terms

• अज्येष्ठ (ajyeṣṭha, “not the best”)
• अनुज्येष्ठ (anujyeṣṭha, “second-eldest”)
• ज्येष्ठतम (jyeṣṭhatama, “eldest”)
• ज्येष्ठतर (jyeṣṭhatara, “elder”)
• ज्येष्ठता (jyeṣṭhatā, “seniority”)
• ज्येष्ठत्व (jyeṣṭhatva)

Noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyéṣṭha) stem, m

1. the eldest brother
   • c. 1500 BCE – 1000 BCE, Ṛgveda
   • c. 1200 BCE – 1000 BCE, Atharvaveda

Declension

Masculine a-stem declension of ज्येष्ठ

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	ज्येष्ठः (jyéṣṭhaḥ)	ज्येष्ठौ (jyéṣṭhau) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyéṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyéṣṭhāḥ) ज्येष्ठासः¹ (jyéṣṭhāsaḥ¹)
accusative	ज्येष्ठम् (jyéṣṭham)	ज्येष्ठौ (jyéṣṭhau) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyéṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठान् (jyéṣṭhān)
instrumental	ज्येष्ठेन (jyéṣṭhena)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyéṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठैः (jyéṣṭhaiḥ) ज्येष्ठेभिः¹ (jyéṣṭhebhiḥ¹)
dative	ज्येष्ठाय (jyéṣṭhāya)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyéṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठेभ्यः (jyéṣṭhebhyaḥ)
ablative	ज्येष्ठात् (jyéṣṭhāt)	ज्येष्ठाभ्याम् (jyéṣṭhābhyām)	ज्येष्ठेभ्यः (jyéṣṭhebhyaḥ)
genitive	ज्येष्ठस्य (jyéṣṭhasya)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyéṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठानाम् (jyéṣṭhānām)
locative	ज्येष्ठे (jyéṣṭhe)	ज्येष्ठयोः (jyéṣṭhayoḥ)	ज्येष्ठेषु (jyéṣṭheṣu)
vocative	ज्येष्ठ (jyéṣṭha)	ज्येष्ठौ (jyéṣṭhau) ज्येष्ठा¹ (jyéṣṭhā¹)	ज्येष्ठाः (jyéṣṭhāḥ) ज्येष्ठासः¹ (jyéṣṭhāsaḥ¹)

• ¹Vedic

Proper noun

ज्येष्ठ • (jyeṣṭha) stem, m

1. the star Antares
2. (Hinduism) Third month of the Hindu lunar calendar

Derived terms

• ज्यैष्ठ (jyaiṣṭha, “third lunar month”)

Related terms

lunar monthsedit

• अश्विन् (aśvin), आश्विन (āśvina)
• आषाढ (āṣāḍha)
• कार्त्तिक (kārttika)
• चैत्र (caitra)
• ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha), ज्यैष्ठ (jyaiṣṭha)
• पौष (pauṣa)
• फाल्गुन (phālguna)
• भाद्र (bhādra)
• माघ (māgha)
• मार्गशीर्ष (mārgaśīrṣa), अग्रहायण (agrahāyaṇa)
• वैशाख (vaiśākha)
• श्रावण (śrāvaṇa)

Descendants

Descendants

• Dardic:
  • Dameli: žē̆ṣṭa
  • Kalasha: ǰeṣṭǟṅguṛ, ǰeṣṭā́li, ǰeṣṭak
  • Kashmiri: زیُٹھُ (zyuṭhu), زٕٹھ (zụṭh)
  • Pashayi:
    • Northeast Pashayi: deṣṭo
    • Northwest Pashayi: dešti
    • Southeast Pashayi: ǰéṣṭā, deṣṭā́, ǰiṣṭī́
  • Phalura: جݜٹ (ǰεṣṭa)
  • Shumashti: dyḗiṣṭi
  • → Proto-Nuristani:
    • Ashkun: dištū, diṣṭu, dešte
    • Kalami: ǰeṣṭ, ǰištã
    • Prasuni: έštek, žišt
    • Waigali: duštö, dušt, deštēi
• Pali: jeṭṭha
• Prakrit: 𑀚𑁂𑀝𑁆𑀞 (jĕṭṭha), 𑀚𑀺𑀝𑁆𑀞 (jiṭṭha)
  • Central:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Awadhi: जेठ (jeṭh)
      • Hindustani: jeṭh, jeṭhā, jeṭhī
        • Hindi: जेठ, जेठा, जेठी
        • Urdu: جیٹھ (jeṭh), جیٹھَہ (jeṭha), جیٹھِی (jeṭhī)
  • Eastern:
    • Magadhi Prakrit:
      • Assamese: জেঠ (zeth), জেঠা (zetha), জেঠী (zethi), জেঠাল (zethal), জেঠিয়ই (zethii)
      • Bihari: जेठरी (jeṭhrī)
        • Bhojpuri: जेठ (jēṭh)
        • Maithili: जेठ (jēṭh), जेठि (jēṭhɨ)
      • Odia: ଜେଠ (jeṭha)
  • Northern:
    • Khasa Prakrit:
      • Central Pahari:
        • Garhwali: जेठ (jeṭh)
        • Kumaoni: जेठो (jeṭho), जेठू (jeṭhū), ज्यठ (j̈yaṭh)
      • Eastern Pahari:
        • Nepali: जेठ (jeṭh), जेठो (jeṭho)
      • Western Pahari:
        • Bhadrawahi: जेठ (jeṭh), जेइठ (jeiṭh)
        • Churahi: जेठा (jeṭhā)
        • Pangwali: जेठा (jeṭhā)
  • Northwestern:
    • Paisaci Prakrit:
      • Takka Apabhramsa:
        • Punjabi: jeṭh, jeṭṭhā, jeṭhāl

          Gurmukhi script: ਜੇਠ, ਜੇੱਠਾ, ਜੇਠਾਲ

          Shahmukhi script: جیٹھ, جیٹّھَہ, جیٹھَال

          • Lahnda: جیٹھ (jeṭh), جیٹھہ (jeṭhā)
      • Vracada Apabhramsa:
        • Sindhi: j̄eṭhu

          Arabic script: ڄيٺ

          Devanagari script: ॼेठ

          • Kachchi: જેઠ (jeṭh)
  • Southern:
    • Helu Prakrit:
      • Dhivehi: ދޮށި (doṣi), ދޮށީ (doṣī)
      • Sinhalese: දෙට (deṭa), දෙටි (deṭi), දෙටුවා (deṭuwā)
    • Maharastri Prakrit:
      • Marathi: जेठ (jeṭh), जेठा (jeṭhā)
  • Western:
    • Sauraseni Prakrit:
      • Old Gujarati:
        • Rajasthani:
          • Old Marwari: जेठ (jeṭh)
        • Gujarati: જેઠ (jeṭh)

Borrowed terms

• → Hindi: ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭh) (learned)
• → Nepali: ज्येष्ठ (jyeṣṭha) (learned)
• → Old Javanese: jyeṣṭha
  • > Javanese: ꦢꦺꦱ꧀ꦠ (désta) (inherited)

References

• Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “jyestha”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 291