madrugar

Galician

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese madrugar, madurgar (the latter att. 13th. c., Cantigas de Santa Maria), from Vulgar Latin *mātūricāre, derived from Latin maturāre (“hurry”) (whence Galician madurar).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [maðɾuˈɣaɾ]

Verb

madrugar (first-person singular present madrugo, first-person singular preterite madruguei, past participle madrugado)

1. to get up early

Conjugation

    Conjugation of madrugar (g-gu alternation)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti)	Third-person (el / ela / Vde.)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.)
Infinitive
Impersonal	madrugar
Personal	madrugar	madrugares	madrugar	madrugarmos	madrugardes	madrugaren
Gerund
	madrugando
Past participle
Masculine	madrugado			madrugados
Feminine	madrugada			madrugadas
Indicative
Present	madrugo	madrugas	madruga	madrugamos	madrugades	madrugan
Imperfect	madrugaba	madrugabas	madrugaba	madrugabamos	madrugabades	madrugaban
Preterite	madruguei	madrugaches	madrugou	madrugamos	madrugastes	madrugaron
Pluperfect	madrugara	madrugaras	madrugara	madrugaramos	madrugarades	madrugaran
Future	madrugarei	madrugarás	madrugará	madrugaremos	madrugaredes	madrugarán
Conditional	madrugaría	madrugarías	madrugaría	madrugariamos	madrugariades	madrugarían
Subjunctive
Present	madrugue	madrugues	madrugue	madruguemos	madruguedes	madruguen
Imperfect	madrugase	madrugases	madrugase	madrugásemos	madrugásedes	madrugasen
Future	madrugar	madrugares	madrugar	madrugarmos	madrugardes	madrugaren
Imperative
Affirmative		madruga	madrugue	madruguemos	madrugade	madruguen
Negative (non)		non madrugues	non madrugue	non madruguemos	non madruguedes	non madruguen

    Reintegrated conjugation of madrugar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Reintegrationism)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (ti / tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	madrugar
Personal	madrugar	madrugares	madrugar	madrugarmos	madrugardes	madrugarem
Gerund
	madrugando
Past participle
Masculine	madrugado			madrugados
Feminine	madrugada			madrugadas
Indicative
Present	madrugo	madrugas	madruga	madrugamos	madrugades, madrugais	madrugam
Imperfect	madrugava	madrugavas	madrugava	madrugávamos	madrugávades, madrugáveis, madrugávais1	madrugavam
Preterite	madruguei	madrugaste, madrugache1	madrugou	madrugamos	madrugastes	madrugárom, madrugaram
Pluperfect	madrugara	madrugaras	madrugara	madrugáramos	madrugárades, madrugáreis, madrugárais1	madrugaram
Future	madrugarei	madrugarás	madrugará	madrugaremos	madrugaredes, madrugareis	madrugarám, madrugarão
Conditional	madrugaria	madrugarias	madrugaria	madrugaríamos	madrugaríades, madrugaríeis, madrugaríais1	madrugariam
Subjunctive
Present	madrugue	madrugues	madrugue	madruguemos	madruguedes, madrugueis	madruguem
Imperfect	madrugasse	madrugasses	madrugasse	madrugássemos	madrugássedes, madrugásseis	madrugassem
Future	madrugar	madrugares	madrugar	madrugarmos	madrugardes	madrugarem
Imperative
Affirmative		madruga	madrugue	madruguemos	madrugade, madrugai	madruguem
Negative (nom)		nom madrugues	nom madrugue	nom madruguemos	nom madruguedes, nom madrugueis	nom madruguem

¹Less recommended.

Derived terms

• madrugada
• madrugador

 

References

• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “madurgar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “madrug”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “madrugar”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “madrugar”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “madrugar”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• “madrugar” in Dicionário Estraviz de galego (2014).
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “madrugar”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Portuguese

Etymology

From Old Galician-Portuguese madrugar, madurgar, from Vulgar Latin *mātūricāre, derived from Latin mātūrāre (“hurry”) (whence Portuguese madurar).

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ʁ)/ [ma.dɾuˈɡa(h)]

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ʁ)/ [ma.dɾuˈɡa(h)]
  • (São Paulo) IPA^(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ɾ)/
  • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA^(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ʁ)/ [ma.dɾuˈɡa(χ)]
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /ma.dɾuˈɡa(ɻ)/

 

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /mɐ.dɾuˈɡaɾ/ [mɐ.ðɾuˈɣaɾ]

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /mɐ.dɾuˈɡaɾ/ [mɐ.ðɾuˈɣaɾ]
  • (Southern Portugal) IPA^(key): /mɐ.dɾuˈɡa.ɾi/ [mɐ.ðɾuˈɣa.ɾi]

• Hyphenation: ma‧dru‧gar

Verb

madrugar (first-person singular present madrugo, first-person singular preterite madruguei, past participle madrugado)

1. to stay up at late nighttime (madrugada); to stay up all night
2. to pull an all-nighter

Conjugation

    Conjugation of madrugar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)

	Singular			Plural
	First-person (eu)	Second-person (tu)	Third-person (ele / ela / você)	First-person (nós)	Second-person (vós)	Third-person (eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal	madrugar
Personal	madrugar	madrugares	madrugar	madrugarmos	madrugardes	madrugarem
Gerund
	madrugando
Past participle
Masculine	madrugado			madrugados
Feminine	madrugada			madrugadas
Indicative
Present	madrugo	madrugas	madruga	madrugamos	madrugais	madrugam
Imperfect	madrugava	madrugavas	madrugava	madrugávamos	madrugáveis	madrugavam
Preterite	madruguei	madrugaste	madrugou	madrugamos1, madrugámos2	madrugastes	madrugaram
Pluperfect	madrugara	madrugaras	madrugara	madrugáramos	madrugáreis	madrugaram
Future	madrugarei	madrugarás	madrugará	madrugaremos	madrugareis	madrugarão
Conditional	madrugaria	madrugarias	madrugaria	madrugaríamos	madrugaríeis	madrugariam
Subjunctive
Present	madrugue	madrugues	madrugue	madruguemos	madrugueis	madruguem
Imperfect	madrugasse	madrugasses	madrugasse	madrugássemos	madrugásseis	madrugassem
Future	madrugar	madrugares	madrugar	madrugarmos	madrugardes	madrugarem
Imperative
Affirmative		madruga	madrugue	madruguemos	madrugai	madruguem
Negative (não)		não madrugues	não madrugue	não madruguemos	não madrugueis	não madruguem

¹Brazilian Portuguese.
²European Portuguese.

Derived terms

• madrugada
• madrugador

Spanish

Etymology

From Old Spanish madrugar, madurgar, from Vulgar Latin *mātūricāre, derived from Latin maturāre (“hurry”) (whence Spanish madurar).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /madɾuˈɡaɾ/ [ma.ð̞ɾuˈɣ̞aɾ]
• Rhymes: -aɾ
• Syllabification: ma‧dru‧gar

Verb

madrugar (first-person singular present madrugo, first-person singular preterite madrugué, past participle madrugado)

1. to get up early

Conjugation

    Conjugation of madrugar (g-gu alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)

infinitive			madrugar
gerund			madrugando
past participle				masculine		feminine
		singular		madrugado		madrugada
		plural		madrugados		madrugadas
		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
indicative		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	madrugo	madrugastú madrugásvos	madruga	madrugamos	madrugáis	madrugan
	imperfect	madrugaba	madrugabas	madrugaba	madrugábamos	madrugabais	madrugaban
	preterite	madrugué	madrugaste	madrugó	madrugamos	madrugasteis	madrugaron
	future	madrugaré	madrugarás	madrugará	madrugaremos	madrugaréis	madrugarán
	conditional	madrugaría	madrugarías	madrugaría	madrugaríamos	madrugaríais	madrugarían
subjunctive		yo	tú vos	él/ella/ello usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ellos/ellas ustedes
	present	madrugue	madruguestú madruguésvos2	madrugue	madruguemos	madruguéis	madruguen
	imperfect (ra)	madrugara	madrugaras	madrugara	madrugáramos	madrugarais	madrugaran
	imperfect (se)	madrugase	madrugases	madrugase	madrugásemos	madrugaseis	madrugasen
	future1	madrugare	madrugares	madrugare	madrugáremos	madrugareis	madrugaren
imperative		—	tú vos	usted	nosotros nosotras	vosotros vosotras	ustedes
	affirmative		madrugatú madrugávos	madrugue	madruguemos	madrugad	madruguen
	negative		no madrugues	no madrugue	no madruguemos	no madruguéis	no madruguen

¹Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
²Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of madrugar (g-gu alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

		singular			plural
		1st person	2nd person	3rd person	1st person	2nd person	3rd person
with infinitive madrugar
	dative	madrugarme	madrugarte	madrugarle, madrugarse	madrugarnos	madrugaros	madrugarles, madrugarse
	accusative	madrugarme	madrugarte	madrugarlo, madrugarla, madrugarse	madrugarnos	madrugaros	madrugarlos, madrugarlas, madrugarse
with gerund madrugando
	dative	madrugándome	madrugándote	madrugándole, madrugándose	madrugándonos	madrugándoos	madrugándoles, madrugándose
	accusative	madrugándome	madrugándote	madrugándolo, madrugándola, madrugándose	madrugándonos	madrugándoos	madrugándolos, madrugándolas, madrugándose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative madruga
	dative	madrúgame	madrúgate	madrúgale	madrúganos	not used	madrúgales
	accusative	madrúgame	madrúgate	madrúgalo, madrúgala	madrúganos	not used	madrúgalos, madrúgalas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative madrugá
	dative	madrugame	madrugate	madrugale	madruganos	not used	madrugales
	accusative	madrugame	madrugate	madrugalo, madrugala	madruganos	not used	madrugalos, madrugalas
with formal second-person singular imperative madrugue
	dative	madrúgueme	not used	madrúguele, madrúguese	madrúguenos	not used	madrúgueles
	accusative	madrúgueme	not used	madrúguelo, madrúguela, madrúguese	madrúguenos	not used	madrúguelos, madrúguelas
with first-person plural imperative madruguemos
	dative	not used	madruguémoste	madruguémosle	madruguémonos	madruguémoos	madruguémosles
	accusative	not used	madruguémoste	madruguémoslo, madruguémosla	madruguémonos	madruguémoos	madruguémoslos, madruguémoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative madrugad
	dative	madrugadme	not used	madrugadle	madrugadnos	madrugaos	madrugadles
	accusative	madrugadme	not used	madrugadlo, madrugadla	madrugadnos	madrugaos	madrugadlos, madrugadlas
with formal second-person plural imperative madruguen
	dative	madrúguenme	not used	madrúguenle	madrúguennos	not used	madrúguenles, madrúguense
	accusative	madrúguenme	not used	madrúguenlo, madrúguenla	madrúguennos	not used	madrúguenlos, madrúguenlas, madrúguense

Derived terms

• a quien madruga, Dios le ayuda
• madrugada
• madrugador
• madrugón
• no por mucho madrugar, amanece más temprano

 

Further reading

• “madrugar”, in Diccionario de la lengua española [Dictionary of the Spanish Language] (in Spanish), online version 23.7, Royal Spanish Academy [Spanish: Real Academia Española], 2023 November 28