khốn nạn
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Vietnamese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Sino-Vietnamese word from 困難 (“difficulty; hardship”).
Its semantic development from "difficult; miserable" to "despicable, contemptible, base, vile, etc." parallels that of English wretch.
Pronunciation
[edit]- (Hà Nội) IPA(key): [xon˧˦ naːn˧˨ʔ]
- (Huế) IPA(key): [kʰoŋ˦˧˥ naːŋ˨˩ʔ] ~ [xoŋ˦˧˥ naːŋ˨˩ʔ]
- (Saigon) IPA(key): [kʰoŋ˦˥ naːŋ˨˩˨] ~ [xoŋ˦˥ naːŋ˨˩˨]
Adjective
[edit]- base; vile; villainous; despicable; contemptible
- (dated) difficult; hard; tough
- (dated) miserable; distressful
- Cái thân tôi sao mà khốn nạn quá giời ơi!
- Good heavens, woe is [to] me! (literally, “Why am I so miserable, o heaven?”)