karhu

See also: Karhu

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karhu, probably derived from *karhëda; equivalent to karhea (“rough, coarse”) +‎ -u. Originally a euphemism for *okci (whence oksi, ohto, and otso). Sense 3 is a semantic loan from Swedish björn and sense 4 from English bear.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑrhu/, [ˈkɑ̝rhu]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ɑrhu
• Hyphenation^(key): kar‧hu

Noun

karhu

1. bear (large omnivorous mammal of the family Ursidae)

   Synonyms: see Thesaurus:karhu

2. brown bear, Ursus arctos

   Synonyms: maakarhu, ruskeakarhu

3. (informal) debtor

   Synonym: velkoja

   1. (informal) taxman

      Synonyms: verottaja, veronkantaja, (informal) verokarhu

4. (finance) bear (investor who sells in anticipation of falling prices)

   Antonym: härkä

Declension

Inflection of karhu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)
nominative		karhu	karhut
genitive		karhun	karhujen
partitive		karhua	karhuja
illative		karhuun	karhuihin
		singular	plural
nominative		karhu	karhut
accusative	nom.	karhu	karhut
	gen.	karhun
genitive		karhun	karhujen
partitive		karhua	karhuja
inessive		karhussa	karhuissa
elative		karhusta	karhuista
illative		karhuun	karhuihin
adessive		karhulla	karhuilla
ablative		karhulta	karhuilta
allative		karhulle	karhuille
essive		karhuna	karhuina
translative		karhuksi	karhuiksi
abessive		karhutta	karhuitta
instructive		—	karhuin
comitative		See the possessive forms below.

Possessive forms of karhu (Kotus type 1/valo, no gradation)

first-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karhuni karhuni accusative nom. karhuni karhuni gen. karhuni genitive karhuni karhujeni partitive karhuani karhujani inessive karhussani karhuissani elative karhustani karhuistani illative karhuuni karhuihini adessive karhullani karhuillani ablative karhultani karhuiltani allative karhulleni karhuilleni essive karhunani karhuinani translative karhukseni karhuikseni abessive karhuttani karhuittani instructive — — comitative — karhuineni second-person singular possessor singular plural nominative karhusi karhusi accusative nom. karhusi karhusi gen. karhusi genitive karhusi karhujesi partitive karhuasi karhujasi inessive karhussasi karhuissasi elative karhustasi karhuistasi illative karhuusi karhuihisi adessive karhullasi karhuillasi ablative karhultasi karhuiltasi allative karhullesi karhuillesi essive karhunasi karhuinasi translative karhuksesi karhuiksesi abessive karhuttasi karhuittasi instructive — — comitative — karhuinesi first-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karhumme karhumme accusative nom. karhumme karhumme gen. karhumme genitive karhumme karhujemme partitive karhuamme karhujamme inessive karhussamme karhuissamme elative karhustamme karhuistamme illative karhuumme karhuihimme adessive karhullamme karhuillamme ablative karhultamme karhuiltamme allative karhullemme karhuillemme essive karhunamme karhuinamme translative karhuksemme karhuiksemme abessive karhuttamme karhuittamme instructive — — comitative — karhuinemme second-person plural possessor singular plural nominative karhunne karhunne accusative nom. karhunne karhunne gen. karhunne genitive karhunne karhujenne partitive karhuanne karhujanne inessive karhussanne karhuissanne elative karhustanne karhuistanne illative karhuunne karhuihinne adessive karhullanne karhuillanne ablative karhultanne karhuiltanne allative karhullenne karhuillenne essive karhunanne karhuinanne translative karhuksenne karhuiksenne abessive karhuttanne karhuittanne instructive — — comitative — karhuinenne third-person possessor singular plural nominative karhunsa karhunsa accusative nom. karhunsa karhunsa gen. karhunsa genitive karhunsa karhujensa partitive karhuaan karhuansa karhujaan karhujansa inessive karhussaan karhussansa karhuissaan karhuissansa elative karhustaan karhustansa karhuistaan karhuistansa illative karhuunsa karhuihinsa adessive karhullaan karhullansa karhuillaan karhuillansa ablative karhultaan karhultansa karhuiltaan karhuiltansa allative karhulleen karhullensa karhuilleen karhuillensa essive karhunaan karhunansa karhuinaan karhuinansa translative karhukseen karhuksensa karhuikseen karhuiksensa abessive karhuttaan karhuttansa karhuittaan karhuittansa instructive — — comitative — karhuineen karhuinensa

Derived terms

• karhukainen
• Karhula
• karhumainen
• Karhunen
• karhuta
• kuin perseeseen ammuttu karhu

 

compounds

• alkukarhu
• atlaskarhu
• emokarhu
• emäkarhu
• etruskikarhu
• forsterinmerikarhu
• gobinkarhu
• harmaakarhu
• henkikarhu
• huulikarhu
• häirikkökarhu
• Iso karhu
• jääkarhu
• karhuemo
• karhujahti
• karhukirje
• karhukissa
• karhukoira
• Karhukopla
• Karhukorpi
• karhukävely
• Karhulahti
• karhulanka
• karhulori
• Karhumaa
• karhumakaki
• karhumarkkina
• karhumarkkinat
• Karhumäki
• karhunajo
• karhunhammas
• karhunjuuri
• karhunkaataja
• karhunkaato
• karhunkieli
• karhunkierros
• karhunkoppi
• karhunköynnös
• karhunlanka
• karhunlaukka
• karhunliha
• karhunmarja
• karhunmetsästys
• karhunnahka
• karhunpalvelus
• karhunpalvonta
• karhunpeijaiset
• karhunpenikka
• karhunpentu
• karhunpesä
• karhunpoika
• karhunpoikanen
• karhunputki
• karhunpyynti
• karhunpyytäjä
• karhunraudat
• karhunrauta
• karhunruoho
• karhunsammal
• karhunseitikki
• karhuntalja
• Karhunvartija
• karhunvatukka
• karhunäätä
• karhupaviaani
• karhupumppu
• karhuruno
• Karhu-ryhmä
• Karhusaari
• Karhusuo
• karhuvipu
• karhuäyriäinen
• karjalankarhukoira
• kauluskarhu
• kermodekarhu
• kierteishäntäkarhu
• kissakarhu
• kodiakinkarhu
• koirakarhu
• luolakarhu
• maakarhu
• malaijikarhu
• marjaskarhu
• merikarhu
• mustakarhu
• muurahaiskarhu
• naaraskarhu
• nallekarhu
• nenäkarhu
• pandakarhu
• pesukarhu
• Pieni karhu
• pikkukarhu
• pohjanmerikarhu
• puolikarhu
• pussikarhu
• ruskeakarhu
• sarastuskarhu
• sepelkarhu
• silmälasikarhu
• syyriankarhu
• teddykarhu
• tiekarhu
• tylppäkuonokarhu
• verokarhu

 

Further reading

• “karhu”, in Kielitoimiston sanakirja [Dictionary of Contemporary Finnish]‎^[1] (in Finnish) (online dictionary, continuously updated), Kotimaisten kielten keskuksen verkkojulkaisuja 35, Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus (Institute for the Languages of Finland), 2004–, retrieved 2023-07-01

Ingrian

Karhu.

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑru/, [ˈkɑru]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /ˈkɑrhu/, [ˈkɑrhu]
• Rhymes: -ɑru, -ɑrhu
• Hyphenation: kar‧hu

Noun

karhu

1. bear
   • 1936, N. A. Iljin and V. I. Junus, Bukvari iƶoroin șkouluja vart, Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 29:

     A täs ono karhu.

     And here is a bear.

Declension

Declension of karhu (type 4/koivu, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	karhu	karhut
genitive	karhun	karhuin, karhuloin
partitive	karhua	karhuja, karhuloja
illative	karhuu	karhui, karhuloihe
inessive	karhuus	karhuis, karhulois
elative	karhust	karhuist, karhuloist
allative	karhulle	karhuille, karhuloille
adessive	karhuul	karhuil, karhuloil
ablative	karhult	karhuilt, karhuloilt
translative	karhuks	karhuiks, karhuloiks
essive	karhunna, karhuun	karhuinna, karhuloinna, karhuin, karhuloin
exessive1)	karhunt	karhuint, karhuloint
1) obsolete *) the accusative corresponds with either the genitive (sg) or nominative (pl) **) the comitative is formed by adding the suffix -ka? or -kä? to the genitive.

Derived terms

• merikarhu
• metsäkarhu
• tarhaakarhu
• valkia karhu

 

References

• Fedor Tumansky (1790) “каро”, in Опытъ повѣствованїя о дѣянїях, положенїи, состоянїи и раздѣленїи Санкт-Петербургской губернїи [An experiment of an account of the acts, location, condition and division of the Saint Petersburg gubernia], Краткїй словарь ижерскаго, финскаго, эстонскаго, чюдскаго, и ямскаго нарѣчїя съ россїйскимъ переводомъ [A short dictionary of the Ingrian, Finnish, Estonian, Chud and Yamtian dialects with a Russian translation], page 679
• V. I. Junus (1936) Iƶoran Keelen Grammatikka‎^[2], Leningrad: Riikin Ucebno-pedagogiceskoi Izdateljstva, page 61
• Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 136
• Olga I. Konkova, Nikita A. Dyachkov (2014) Inkeroin Keel: Пособие по Ижорскому Языку‎^[3], →ISBN, page 80

Karelian

Regional variants of karhu

North Karelian (Viena)	karhu
South Karelian (Tver)	karhu

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *karhu. Cognates include Finnish karhu and Estonian karu.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkɑrhu/
• Hyphenation: kar‧hu

Noun

karhu (genitive karhun, partitive karhuo)

1. (archaic or poetic) Synonym of kontie／kondie

Declension

Viena Karelian declension of karhu (type 1/tyttö, no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	karhu	karhut
genitive	karhun	karhujen
partitive	karhuo	karhuja
illative	karhuh	karhuloih
inessive	karhušša	karhuloissa
elative	karhušta	karhuloista
adessive	karhulla	karhuloilla
ablative	karhulta	karhuloilta
translative	karhukši	karhuloiksi
essive	karhuna	karhuloina
comitative	—	karhuloineh
abessive	karhutta	karhuloitta

Tver Karelian declension of karhu (type 1/tyttö no gradation)
	singular	plural
nominative	karhu	karhut
genitive	karhun	karhuloin
partitive	karhuo	karhuloida
illative	karhuh	karhuloih
inessive	karhušša	karhuloissa
elative	karhušta	karhuloista
adessive	karhulla	karhuloilla
ablative	karhulda	karhuloilda
translative	karhukši	karhuloiksi
essive	karhuna	karhuloina
comitative	karhunke	karhuloinke
abessive	karhutta	karhuloitta

Possessive forms of karhu
1st person	karhuni
2nd person	karhuš
3rd person	karhuh
*) Possessive forms are very rare for adjectives and only used in substantivised clauses.

References

• A. V. Punzhina (1994) “karhu”, in Словарь карельского языка (тверские говоры) [Dictionary of the Karelian language (Tver dialects)], →ISBN
• Pertti Virtaranta, Raija Koponen (2009) “karhu”, in Marja Torikka, editor, Karjalan kielen sanakirja‎^[4], Helsinki: Kotus, →ISSN
• P. M. Zaykov et al. (2015) “медведь”, in Venäjä-Viena Šanakirja [Russian-Viena Karelian Dictionary], →ISBN