jivuna

Swahili

Etymology

From Malagasy avona (“pride”), formed as if the reflexive form of the unrelated verb -vuna (“to harvest”).

Pronunciation

• Audio (Kenya):

  (file)

Verb

-jivuna (infinitive kujivuna)

1. to be proud

Conjugation

Conjugation of -jivuna
Positive present -najivuna Subjunctive -jivune Negative -jivuni Imperative singular jivuna
Infinitives
Positive kujivuna Negative kutojivuna
Imperatives
Singular jivuna Plural jivuneni
Tensed forms
Habitual hujivuna Positive past positive subject concord + -lijivuna Negative past negative subject concord + -kujivuna
Positive present (positive subject concord + -najivuna) Singular Plural 1st person ninajivuna/najivuna tunajivuna 2nd person unajivuna mnajivuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) anajivuna wanajivuna other classes positive subject concord + -najivuna
Negative present (negative subject concord + -jivuni) Singular Plural 1st person sijivuni hatujivuni 2nd person hujivuni hamjivuni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) hajivuni hawajivuni other classes negative subject concord + -jivuni
Positive future positive subject concord + -tajivuna Negative future negative subject concord + -tajivuna
Positive subjunctive (positive subject concord + -jivune) Singular Plural 1st person nijivune tujivune 2nd person ujivune mjivune 3rd person m-wa(I/II) ajivune wajivune other classes positive subject concord + -jivune
Negative subjunctive positive subject concord + -sijivune Positive present conditional positive subject concord + -ngejivuna Negative present conditional positive subject concord + -singejivuna Positive past conditional positive subject concord + -ngalijivuna Negative past conditional positive subject concord + -singalijivuna
Gnomic (positive subject concord + -ajivuna) Singular Plural 1st person najivuna twajivuna 2nd person wajivuna mwajivuna 3rd person m-wa(I/II) ajivuna wajivuna m-mi(III/IV) wajivuna yajivuna ji-ma(V/VI) lajivuna yajivuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) chajivuna vyajivuna n(IX/X) yajivuna zajivuna u(XI) wajivuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) kwajivuna pa(XVI) pajivuna mu(XVIII) mwajivuna
Perfect positive subject concord + -mejivuna "Already" positive subject concord + -meshajivuna "Not yet" negative subject concord + -jajivuna "If/When" positive subject concord + -kijivuna "If not" positive subject concord + -sipojivuna Consecutive kajivuna / positive subject concord + -kajivuna Consecutive subjunctive positive subject concord + -kajivune
Object concord (indicative positive) Singular Plural 1st person -nijivuna -tujivuna 2nd person -kujivuna -wajivuna/-kujivuneni/-wajivuneni 3rd person m-wa(I/II) -mjivuna -wajivuna m-mi(III/IV) -ujivuna -ijivuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lijivuna -yajivuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -kijivuna -vijivuna n(IX/X) -ijivuna -zijivuna u(XI) -ujivuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kujivuna pa(XVI) -pajivuna mu(XVIII) -mujivuna Reflexive -jijivuna
Relative forms General positive (positive subject concord + (object concord) + -jivuna- + relative marker) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -jivunaye -jivunao m-mi(III/IV) -jivunao -jivunayo ji-ma(V/VI) -jivunalo -jivunayo ki-vi(VII/VIII) -jivunacho -jivunavyo n(IX/X) -jivunayo -jivunazo u(XI) -jivunao see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -jivunako pa(XVI) -jivunapo mu(XVIII) -jivunamo Other forms (subject concord + tense marker + relative marker + (object concord) + -jivuna) Singular Plural m-wa(I/II) -yejivuna -ojivuna m-mi(III/IV) -ojivuna -yojivuna ji-ma(V/VI) -lojivuna -yojivuna ki-vi(VII/VIII) -chojivuna -vyojivuna n(IX/X) -yojivuna -zojivuna u(XI) -ojivuna see n(X) or ma(VI) class ku(XV/XVII) -kojivuna pa(XVI) -pojivuna mu(XVIII) -mojivuna
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information.

Derived terms

• Verbal derivations:
  • Applicative: -jivunia
  • Causative: -jivunisha

• Nominal derivations:
  • majivuno (“bragging”)