User:Victar/Reflexes/Proto-Scythian

Saka corpus

Reflexes of Proto-Scythian

Consonants

PIr.	PScy.	OOss.	Oss.	PSak.	Kho.		Tmš.	Wax.	Examples
									PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Ossetic		PSkW.	PSak.	Khotanese		Tmš.	Wakhi
					O.	L.							Digor	Iron			OKho.	LKho.
*b	*b	b	b	*b	b			v	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
	*β	b	b	*β	b			v	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*d	*d	δ		*d	d				*dáća (“two”)	*dása		[Term?]	dæs		*dása	[Term?]	dasau	daso	dase	δas
	*δ	δ	d	*δ	y			δ	*pádah (“foot”)	*páδi		*fæd	fæd		*páδi	*pái	pai			pыδ
	*δ	δ	d						*mádu (“honey, wine”)	*máδu		*múd	mud	myd	*máuδu	*máu	mau
*g	*g		q	*g	g ‹gg›			ǧ ‹ɣ̌›	*gaȷ́ah (“reed, tamarisk”)	*gazi		[Term?]	qæzæ	qæz	*gazi	[Term?]	gaysä			ɣ̌uz
*ǰ /dž/	*ǰ			*j /dz/	j ‹js›				*ǰiHwáh (“alive”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*ȷ́ /dz/	*z		z	*z	z ‹ys›			z	*paHȷ́ah (“face, side”)	*pāzi		[Term?]	fæzæ	fæz	*pāzi	[Term?]	pāysä			pыz
*k	*k		*k	k				k	*káHmah (“wish, desire”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
					ky/c				[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
					ǧ ‹g› > Ø				*HástaHkaH (“bone”)	*ā́stāgā		[Term?]	æstæg	(y)stæg	*ā́stāgā	[Term?]	āstai			yayč, ayč
*x									*ĉuxráh (“bright”)	*suxrí		[Term?]	surx	syrx	*suxrí	[Term?]	suraa			səkr
*č /tš/	*c /ts/	c ‹τζ›	c	*c	c ‹tc›			č	*čā́taH (“pond, lake”)	*cā́tā		[Term?]	cadæ	cad	*cā́tā	[Term?]	tcāta			čot
	*ǰ		ž ‹ʒ›	*j	j ‹js›			c	*sawčanyah (“needle”)	*sawjańi		[Term?]	soʒijnæ	suʒin	*sawjańi	[Term?]	saujsaña			sic
									*pánča (“five”)	*pánja		[Term?]	fonʒ		*pánja	[Term?]	pamjsa			panʒ
*š									*šyáwatai (“(s)he goes”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*kʰ									*haxā́y (“friend”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*ć /ts/	*s		s	*s	s				*ćarHdáh (“summer”)	*sardí		[Term?]	særdæ	særd	[Term?]	[Term?]	salä			wəsə́rd
*š	*š		s	*ṣ	∅			ṣ ‹ṣ̌›	*gáwšah (“ear”)	*gū́ši		[Term?]	qus	ǧos	*gū́ṣ̌i	[Term?]	gguv̮ä			ɣ̌īṣ̌
*h									*Hhuškah (“dry”)	[Term?]		[Term?]	xuskʼæ	xyskʼ	[Term?]	[Term?]	huṣkä			wəsk
*s	*s		s	*s	s			s	*saHnah (“enemy”)	*sāni		[Term?]	son	son	*sāni	[Term?]	sānä			son
*š									*Hŕ̥šah (“bear”)	*ā́rši		[Term?]	ars		*ā́rri	[Term?]	arrä
*m									*máHtā (“mother”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
*n									*náHuš (“ship”)	*nāw		[Term?]	nawæ	naw	*nāw	[Term?]	no			nыw
*p			φ						*puθráh (“son”)	*puθrí		φurt	furt	fyrt	[Term?]	[Term?]		pira
*pʰ			f	w ‹v›				f	*kapʰah (“mucus, phlegm”)	*kʰapʰi		[Term?]	xæfæ	xæf	*kʰapʰi	[Term?]	khavä			xuf
*pʰ									*ćapʰáh (“hoof”)	*sapʰí		[Term?]	sæftæg		*sahí	[Term?]	sahä
*r									*Hraštáh (“right”)	*raští		[Term?]	rast		*raṣtí	[Term?]	rraṣṭa
			l						*páHrćuš (“rib”)	*pā́rsuš		[Term?]	fars		*pā́rsuš	[Term?]	pālsuve			pыrs
*t	*t		t	*t	t ‹tt›				*taptáh (“hot”)	*taftí		[Term?]	tavdæ	tavd	*taftí	[Term?]	ttaudä
			*tʲ > ć						*tigráh (“pointed”)	*tiǧrí		*cirǧ	cirǵ	cyrǵ	*tiǧrí	[Term?]	ttīrä
*θ									*θwáHam (“you”, acc.sg.)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
									*wáxθram (“mouth”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]
					ṭhṭh				*Hhaθyáh (“real, true”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	haṭhṭha
			rg		lg			ltk	*wr̥θkáh (“kidney”)	*wərdkí		[Term?]	wyrg	urg	*wirδgí	[Term?]	bilga			wəltk
*θ > *θ									*Hráθah (“chariot”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]				wəltk
*t									*stuHnáH (“pillar”)	[Term?]		[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	stūnā
*w	*w		b	*β					*wŕ̥kah (“wolf”)	*wə́rki		[Term?]			*βírgi	[Term?]	birggä
*y					ǵ ‹gy›			(i)	*Hyáȷ́atah (“divinity”)	*yázadi		[Term?]	(i)zæd		*yázadi	[Term?]	gyastä

Consonant clusters

PIr.		pre-PScy.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Oss.		PSkW.	PSak.	Kho.		Tmš.	Wax.	Examples
														PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Ossetic		PSkW.	PSak.	Khotanese		Tmš.	Wakhi
						D.	I.			O.	L.							Digor	Iron			OKho.	LKho.
KN	*gn	*ǧn						*ǧn	*ǧṇ	ṇ			ɣ̌n	*ráwgnah (“butter, oil”)	*rū́ǧni					*rū́ǧni	*rū́ǧṇi	rrūṇä			rūɣ̌n, rūɣ̌ən
rST	*ršt	*ršt		*ršc	*rc	rc								*pr̥štíH (“back, spine”)	*parštī́		*færcí	færci	færcy	[Term?]	[Term?]	palšti		pərt
Kr	*gr	*ǧr				rǧ				yr				*tigráh (“sharp”)	*tiǧrí		*cirǧ	cirǧ	cyrǧ	*tiǧrí	[Term?]	ttīrä
rK	*rg	*rǧ				rǧ		*ry	*r	r			rǧ ‹rɣ̌›	*dr̥Hgáh (“long”)	*dārǧí		*dárǧ	darǧ		*dārǧí		dāra
rTS	*rȷ́	*rz			rz			*rdz = *rj	*lj	ljs				*Hr̥ȷ́atáh (“silver”)	*ārzatí		*ærzǽt	ærzǽt		*ārjatí	*āljatí	āljsatä
SK	*zg					ǧz				js				*mazgáh (“marrow, brain”)	*mazgí		*maǧz	maǧz		[Term?]	[Term?]
Tw	*dw													*dwitī́yah (“second”)	*dwitī́		*duǰí	duʒi		*dwití	[Term?]	śätä			viti
Dr	*br		*br			rv			*br	br			vr	*bráHtā (“brother”)	*brā́tā		*ærvadæ	ærvad(æ)	ærvad	*brā́tāh	[Term?]	brāte			vrыt
			*br			rv			*br	br			vr	*abráh (“cloud”)	*abrí		*arv	arv		*abrí	[Term?]	orä
Fw	*hw				xʷ					hv			x	*hwáhā (“sister”)	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]				x̌ыy
	*θw	*θw	*θβ			pp			*θβ	h			b	*čaθwā́rah (“four”)	*caθwā́ri		*čuppar	cuppar	cyppar	*caθβā́ri	*tsahári	tcahaura	tcahora (> tcaura)	tsahari	cəbы́r
Fr	*θr	*θr			rθ > rt	rt			*tr	dr			tr	*θráyah (“three”)	*θrḗi		*ærté	ærtæ		*θrḗi	*drei	drei	drai	dre	tru, truy
	*xr	*xr			rx				*xr	r			kr̬	*ćuxráh (“red”)	*suxrí		*súrx	syrx	surx	*suxrí	*suhri	surai, suraa			səkr̬
rN	*rm	*rm				r	rm		*rm	rm				*čárma (“skin”)	*cā́rma		*cárm	car	carm	*cā́rma	[Term?]	tcārma			[Term?]
rHT	*rHd	*rd > *rδ							*ld	l				*ćarHdáh (“summer”)	*sardí			særdæ	særd	*sardí	[Term?]	salä			wəsə́rd
TSy	*cy	*sy	*ś	*š	š	s		*ś	*ś	śś, ś			ṣ ‹ṣ̌›	*ćyaHwáh (“black-brown”)	*śśāwí	*sāwɨ́	sau	saw		*śśāwí	[Term?]	śāvä			ṣ̌ыw
STr	*str	*sr > *šr	*š	*š	š	s			*ṣ	ṣṣ, ṣ			ṣ ‹ṣ̌›	*wáHstraH (“grass, hay”)	*wā́ṣṣā			xwasæ	xos	*wā́ṣṣā	[Term?]	hvāṣä, hvāṣṣä			wыṣ̌
														*striHyā (“female (animal)”)	*ṣṣīyā		*siyæ	silæ	syl	*strīyā	[Term?]	strīyā			strəy
TSr	*cr													*Háćrukah (“tear”)	*áṣṣuki		*æsúg	sug	syg	*áṣṣuki	[Term?]	āṣkä			yaṣ̌k, aṣ̌k
														*ćr̥Hwáh (“horn”)	*ṣṣuwí			siwæ	sy	*ṣṣuwáh	[Term?]	ṣu, ṣṣu			ṣ̌əw
ST	*st					st’				st			st	*Hstā́rakaH (“star”)	*stā́rakā			(æ)st’alu	st’aly	*stā́rakā	[Term?]	stārey			stór, sᵊtór
ST	*st					t’				ṣṣ			š	[Term?] (“intestines”)	[Term?]			t’angtæ		[Term?]	[Term?]	ṣṣaṃgila			šəngə́r
SN	*šm	*šm	*šm			ns	sm	*ṣm	ym				ẓm ‹ẓ̌m›	*čášma (“eye”)	*cášma		*cásm	cans	casm	*cášma	[Term?]	tce̮imä			č̣əẓ̌m
ST	*št	*št	*št		št	st			*ṣt	ṣt			(x)t	*Haštáh (“eight”)	*āští		*ast	ast		*aští	[Term?]	haṣṭa	haṣṭä, haṣṭi	haṣti	at
													ṣt ‹ṣ̌t›	[Term?]	[Term?]			[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]				[Term?]
FT	*pʰt	*ft	*βd		βd ‹ϐδ›	vd			*βd	wd			b	*haptá (“seven”)	*hāβdá		abd	avd		*hāβdá	[Term?]	hāṃda	hauda		ыb, ыp, hыp
FSN	*xšn	*xšn				xn			*xšn				xs	*ráwxšnah (“bright”)	*rū́xšni		*rúxs	roxs	ruxs	*rū́xšni	[Term?]	rrūsena?			rыxn
STS	*sč													*usčáH (“up”)	*uskā́			[Term?]	[Term?]	*uskā	[Term?]	uska			sək
														*pasčáy (“after”)	*pascḗ		*fæste	fæstæ		*uskā	[Term?]	uska			sək

Notes

Vowels and syllabic consonants

PIr.	pre-PScy.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Oss.		PSkW.	PSak.	Kho.		Tmš.	Wax.	Examples
													PIr.	PScy.	POss.	OOss.	Ossetic		PSkW.	PSak.	Khotanese		Tmš.	Wakhi
					D.	I.			O.	L.							Digor	Iron			OKho.	LKho.
*a	*a		*a	*ɐ /*æ/	ɐ /æ/		*a	*a	a			a	*dáća (“two”)	*dása		*dǽs	dæs		*dása		dasau	daso	dase	δas
				*i	i								*ȷ́r̥Hanyam (“golden”)	*záranyu		zirḕn	zærin		*záranyu	*záirnyu	ysīrrä		*zerna	[Term?]
			*a	*æ	o								*pánča (“five”)	*pánǰa		*fǽnʒ	fonʒ		*pánǰa	*pánja	paṃjsa	pajsa	pa(ṃ)tsi	panʒ
					∅							∅	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
			*a	(a)	∅							∅	*haptá (“seven”)	*hāβdá		abd	avd		*hāβdā́	*hāwdá	hauda	hoda		ыb, ыp, hыp
												∅	*haptá (“middle”)	*hāβdá		abd	avd		*hāβdā́		hauda	hoda		mad, maδ
									ā				*dr̥Hgáh (“long”)	*dārǧí		*darǧ	darǧ		[Term?]		dārä			[Term?]
			*au	*o	o	u							*Harušáh (“white”)	*aruší		*órs	uors	urs	[Term?]					irx̌, yirx̌, yərx̌
		∅		∅	∅		∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	∅	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	wæd		[Term?]		va			[Term?]
	*ā	*ā	*ā	*æ ‹*a›	æ ‹a›		*ā	*ā	ā			ɨ ‹ы›	*čárma (“skin”)	*cā́rma		*carm	carm	car	*cā́rma		tcārma			[Term?]
*ā	*ā				ɘ ‹y›				a				*čaθwā́rah (“four”)	*caθwā́ri		*čuppar	cuppar	cyppar	*caθβā́ri	*tsahári	tcahaura	tcahora (> tcaura)	tsahari	cəbы́r
			*ō	*o	o				ā			u	*Hnā́ma (“name”)	*nā́ma		*nóm	non	nom	*nā́ma		nāma			nung
		*ē	*a		ɐ /æ/	∅	*a		a			∅	*pHtā́ (“father”)	*pitā́		*fidǽ	fidæ	fyd	*pitḗ	*pitḗ	päte			[Term?]
													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*ay	*əi > *ē		*e	*e	e	i	*yū					i	[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]				[Term?]
				*i	i							i	*axšáyHnah (“dark blue”)	*āxšī́ni		*æxsín	æxsin		*āxšēinī		āṣṣeiṇa
*ay													*šáyθrah (“dwelling”)	*xšḗtri		[Term?]	[Term?]		*xšḗrā	*xšḗra	kṣīra		xšera	[Term?]
*ay													*ȷ́ŕ̥dayam (“heart”)	*zárdeyu		*zǽrde	zærdæ		[Term?]	[Term?]	ysära			[Term?]
*aya	*əya > *ēa	*ēi	*ei	*æi	æ		*ēi	*ei	ei	ai	e	u(y)	*θráyah (“three”)	*θréyi		*ærté	ærtæ		*θrḗi	*drei	drei	drai	dre	tru, truy
*ayw	*əiw > *ēw		*ew	*ew	ew	i	*īw	*yū > *źū > *śśū				(y)iw	*Háywah (“one”)	*ḗwi		*éw	(j)ew	iw	*ī́wi	*śśū	śśū		śo	yiw, yi, iw, i
*āy													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
*aw	*ō	*ū	*ū	*u	u	ɘ ‹y›						i	*dáwš (“arm”)	*dū́š		*dús	dus	dys	[Term?]	[Term?]				ɣ̌iṣ̌
													*gáwšah (“ear”)	*gū́ši		*ǧús	ǧos	qus	*gū́ši	*gúwi	gguwä, gū			ɣ̌iṣ̌
			*ūi	*uy	uy ‹uj›	i	*ū	*ū	ū			*ī > i	*ćráwniš (“buttocks”)	*śśū́nyā		*suynæ	sujnæ	sin	*śśū́ni	*śśū́n̄i	ṣṣūn̄i			ṣ̌in
	*āw												*ćyaHwáh (“dark”)	*śāwí		*saw	saw		*śāwí	*śāwí	śāvä			ṣ̌ыw
*āwu	*āwā		*āwā	*awæ	aw		*āwā	*awa	au	ọ ‹o›		ɨw ‹ыw›	*náHuš (“boat”)	*nā́wu		*náwæ	nawæ	naw	*nā́wu	*nā́w	nau	no		nыw
*awa													*gáwaȷ́nah (“deer”)	*gáwāzni		*ǧǽwanz	ǧæwanz	qwaz, qæwaz	[Term?]	[Term?]	ggūysna			[Term?]
*awi													*Háwiš (“sheep”)	*áwi		[Term?]	[Term?]	[Term?]	*áiwi	[Term?]				yobč, yopč
*i													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
	*ī		*i									d́	*HwiHćati (“twenty”)	*winsati		Insáz	insæj	ssæʒ	*wistí		bistä	bästa	bista	wist
*ī													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
									i				*ćriHráh	*srīrí		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]		śśära			[Term?]
*u	*u			u				*u	u			ə	*ćuxráh (“red”)	*suxrí		*súrx	syrx	surx	*suxrí	*suhri	surai, suraa			səkr̬
*ū													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]
									u			i	*stuHnáH (“pillar”)	*stūnā́		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]		stuna			istín, yistin, stin
*r̥													[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]	[Term?]		[Term?]					[Term?]

Notes

Abbreviations

# = word boundary

C = consonant

Cʰ = aspirated consonant

Ć = palatal consonant

Cʷ = labial consonant

C̥ = syllabic consonant

D = voiced stop (b, d, g, h₃, z)

E = front vowel (e, i)

F = fricative (δ, θ, x)

G = voiced velar stop

H = laryngeal

K = (voiceless) velar stop

L = liquid (l, r)

N = nasal (n, m)

P = bilabial stop (b, p)

R = sonorant (l, r, n, m)

T = (voiceless) stop

S = sibilant (s, z)

V = vowel

V̄ = long vowel

V̆ = short vowel

Vʷ = rounded vowel

X (ʰ, h₁, h₂)

Y = glide

Z = voiced sibilant