Reconstruction:Proto-Iranian/čášma

This Proto-Iranian entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Iranian

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-Iranian *čáćšma, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷéḱ-s-mn̥, from *kʷeḱ-.

Noun

*čášma n

1. eye

Descendants

• Central Iranian:
  • Avestan: 𐬗𐬀𐬱𐬨𐬀𐬥 (cašman)
• Northeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Scythian: *cašma
    • Old Ossetic: *casm (“loop, noose”)
      • Ossetian:

        Digor Ossetian: цанс (cans)

        Iron Ossetian: цасм (casm)

    • Proto-Saka-Wakhi: *cašma (“eye”)
      • Khotanese: [script needed] (tcęimä)
      • Wakhi: č̣əẓ̌m
  • Sogdo-Bactrian:
    • Khwarezmian: څم (cm /⁠cam⁠/)
    • Sogdian: (/⁠čašm⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫢𐫖 (cšm)

      Sogdian script: 𐼿𐽁𐼺 (cšm)

      Syriac script: ܨܫܡ (cšm)

• Southeastern Iranian:
  • Proto-Sanglechi-Ishkashimi:
    • Ishkashimi: [script needed] (cām)
    • Sanglechi: [script needed] (cāṃ)
  • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami-Munji:
    • Proto-Munji-Yidgha:
      • Munji: [script needed] (cam)
      • Yidgha: څم (cam), چم (čam)
    • Proto-Shughni-Yazghulami:
      • Proto-Shughni-Roshani:
        • Sarikoli: cem
        • Shughni: цем (cēm), (Bartangi, Oroshori) цӣм (cīm), (Khufi) ца̄м (cām)
      • Yazghulami: ча̄м (čām)
• Northwestern Iranian:
  • Baluchi: چم (čam)
  • Kurdish:

    Central Kurdish: چاو (çaw)

    Northern Kurdish: çav

    Southern Kurdish: چاو (çaw), چەو (çew)

    Laki: چەم (çem)

  • Medo-Parthian:
    • Caspian:
      • Gilaki: چشم (čəšm), چشم (čašm), چوشم (čušm), چوم (čum)
      • Mazanderani: چش (češ)
    • Old Median: *čašma
      • Kermanic:
        • Yazdi: چم (čem)
        • Zoroastrian Dari: چم (čam)
      • Proto-Tatic:
        • Talysh: (/⁠čaš(m)⁠/)

          Arabic script: چش, چشم

          Latin script: çəş, çəşm

        • Old Tati:

          Old Azari: چشم (čušm, čašm)

          • Harzani: چش (čoš)
          • Karingani: چوش (čöš), چاش (čāš)
    • Parthian: 𐫝𐫢𐫖 (čšm /⁠čašm⁠/)
    • Zaza-Gurani:

      Gurani: چەم (čam)

      Zazaki: çım

• Southwestern Iranian:
  • Old Persian: 𐎨𐏁𐎠𐎶𐎴 (c-š-a-m-n /⁠cašman-⁠/)
    • Middle Persian: (/⁠čašm⁠/)

      Manichaean script: 𐫝𐫢𐫖 (čšm)

      Book Pahlavi script: [Book Pahlavi needed] (AYNE), [script needed] (čšm)

      Psalter Pahlavi script: 𐮀𐮈𐮌𐮇 (AYNH̠)

      • Lurish:

        Northern Luri: چٱش (čaš)

        Bakhtiari: چٱش (čaš)

      • Classical Persian: چشم (čašm)

        Dari: چشم (čašm)

        Iranian Persian: چشم (čašm, češm)

        Tajik: чашм (čašm)

        Tat: [script needed] (čÿm)

        • → Pashto: چشم (čašm)
• → Arabic: جَحْمَة f (jaḥma) (Yemen, obsolete)