User:Eirikr/Appendix:Japanese verbs
Modern Japanese
[edit]This section deals only with Japanese as written and spoken in 21st and late 20th centuries.
Stem forms
[edit]These are the basic forms of verbs as taught in Japan. Verbs have six associated stem forms; three of these each appear in two different ways that are not given separate names, but are used in disjoint contexts. The izenkei 已然形 (classical imperfective form) is also called the kateikei 仮定形 (hypothetical form). The shūshikei 終止形 (terminal form) and rentaikei 連体形 (attributive form) are identical for verbs in modern Japanese.
Prototype | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru | |
Class | 上一 | 下一 | カ五 | カ五 | ガ五 | サ五 | タ五 | ナ五 | バ五 | マ五 | ラ五 | ワ五 | ワ五 | カ変格 | サ変格 |
kami-1 | shimo-1 | ka-5 | ka-5 | ga-5 | sa-5 | ta-5 | na-5 | ba-5 | ma-5 | ra-5 | wa-5 | wa-5 | ka-hen. | sa-hen. | |
Stem | 起き | 食べ | 書 | 行 | 剥 | 射 | 待 | 死 | 呼 | 飲 | 掘 | 買 | 問 | irreg. | irreg. |
oki- | tabe- | ka- | i- | ha- | sa- | ma- | shi- | yo- | no- | ho- | ka- | to- | irreg. | irreg | |
Mizenkei 未然形 | 起き | 食べ | 書か | 行か | 剥が | 射さ | 待た | 死な | 呼ば | 飲ま | 掘ら | 買わ | 問わ | こ | irreg. |
Imperfective (general) | oki- | tabe- | kaka- | ika- | haga- | sasa- | mata- | shina- | yoba- | noma- | hora- | kawa- | towa- | ko- | irreg. |
Mizenkei 未然形 | 起き | 食べ | 書こ | 行こ | 剥ご | 射そ | 待と | 死の | 呼ぼ | 飲も | 掘ろ | 買お | 問お | こ | し |
Imperfective (volitional) | oki- | tabe- | kako- | iko- | hago- | saso- | mato- | shino- | yobo- | nomo- | horo- | kao- | too- | ko- | shi- |
Ren'yōkei 連用形 | 起き | 食べ | 書き | 行き | 剥ぎ | 射し | 待ち | 死に | 呼び | 飲み | 掘り | 買い | 問い | き | し |
Continuative (-i) | oki | tabe | kaki | iki | hagi | sashi | machi | shini | yobi | nomi | hori | kai | toi | ki | shi |
Ren'yōkei 連用形 | 起き | 食べ | 書い | 行っ | 剥い | 射し | 待っ | 死ん | 呼ん | 飲ん | 掘っ | 買っ | 問う | き | し |
Continuative (other) | oki- | tabe- | kai- | i_- | hai- | sashi- | ma_- | shin- | yon- | non- | ho_- | ka_- | tou- | ki- | shi- |
Shūshikei 終止形 | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
Terminal | okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru |
Rentaikei 連体形 | 起きる | 食べる | 書く | 行く | 剥ぐ | 射す | 待つ | 死ぬ | 呼ぶ | 飲む | 掘る | 買う | 問う | くる | する |
Attributive | okiru | taberu | kaku | iku | hagu | sasu | matsu | shinu | yobu | nomu | horu | kau | tou | kuru | suru |
Izenkei 已然形 | 起きれ | 食べれ | 書け | 行け | 剥げ | 射せ | 待て | 死ね | 呼べ | 飲め | 掘れ | 買え | 問え | くれ | すれ |
Classical Imperfective | okire- | tabere- | kake- | ike- | hage- | sase- | mate- | shine- | yobe- | nome- | hore- | kae- | toe- | kure- | sure- |
Meireikei 命令形 | 起きよ | 食べよ | 書け | 行け | 剥げ | 射せ | 待て | 死ね | 呼べ | 飲め | 掘れ | 買え | 問え | こい | せよ |
Imperative (written) | okiyo | tabeyo | kake | ike | hage | sase | mate | shine | yobe | nome | hore | kae | toe | koi | seyo |
Meireikei 命令形 | 起きろ | 食べろ | 書け | 行け | 剥げ | 射せ | 待て | 死ね | 呼べ | 飲め | 掘れ | 買え | 問え | こい | しろ |
Imperative (spoken) | okiro | tabero | kake | ike | hage | sase | mate | shine | yobe | nome | hore | kae | toe | koi | shiro |
The ren'yōkei 連用形 (-i form), shūshikei 終止形 (terminal), rentaikei 連体形 (attributive), and meireikei 命令形 (imperative) forms can appear on their own; the others require suffixes.
Complex forms
[edit]Form | Classes | Stem | Suffix | Result is | Examples |
Passive 受動態 | 1, kuru | imperfective (general) | られる | shimo-1 verb | 食べられる |
5 | imperfective (general) | れる | shimo-1 verb | 書かれる | |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | shimo-1 verb | される | |
Causative 使役態 | 1, kuru | imperfective (general) | させる or さす | shimo-1 verb | 食べさせる |
5 | imperfective (general) | せる or す | shimo-1 verb | 書かせる | |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | shimo-1 verb | させる or さす | |
Potential 可能法 | 1 | imperfective (general) | られる | shimo-1 verb | 食べられる |
5, kuru, 1 (colloq.) | classical imperfective | る | shimo-1 verb | 書ける, 起きれる | |
suru | defective | defective | 出来る (せる in compounds) |
Other forms
[edit]Form | Classes | Stem | Suffix | Result is | Examples |
Volitional | 1, kuru, suru | imperfective (volitional) | よう | indeclinable | 食べよう, こよう, しよう |
5 | imperfective (volitional) | う | indeclinable | 書こう, 話そう | |
Negative | all | imperfective (general) | ない | i-adjective | 食べない, 書かない, こない, しない |
Negative (archaic) | all | imperfective (general) | ぬ | indeclinable | 食べぬ, 書かぬ |
Negative Continuative (-zu) | 1, 5, kuru | imperfective (general) | ず | indeclinable | 食べず, 書かず, こず |
suru | irreg. | irreg. | indeclinable | せず | |
Negative Conjunctive (-naide) | all | imperfective (general) | ないで | indeclinable | 起きないで, 書かないで, こないで, しないで |
Past tense | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | た | indeclinable | 食べた, きた, した, 書いた, 行った, 話した, 待った, 作った, 払った, 問うた |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | continuative (other) | だ | indeclinable | 泳いだ, 死んだ, 読んだ, 飲んだ | |
Conjunctive (-te) | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | て | indeclinable | 食べて, きて, して, 書いて, 行って, 話して, 待って, 作って, 払って, 問うて |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | continuative (other) | で | indeclinable | 泳いで, 死んで, 読んで, 飲んで | |
Hypothetical (-ba) | all | classical imperfective (hypothetical) | ば | indeclinable | 起きれば, 書けば, くれば, すれば |
Conditional (-tara) | 1, kuru, suru, (ka,sa,ta,ra,wa)-5 | continuative (other) | たら | indeclinable | 食べたら, きたら, したら, 書いたら |
(ga,na,ba,ma)-5 | continuative (other) | だら | indeclinable | 泳いだら, 死んだら, 読んだら, 飲んだら |
Suffixes to the continuative (-i) form
[edit]There are several suffixes that attach to the continuative (-i) form. These are some of the most common:
Form | Suffix | Result is | Examples |
Polite (-masu) | ます | irregular verb | 行きます |
(-tai) | たい | i-adjective | 食べたい |