User:Alexlin01/NH cognates/Morphology

*N-

Serves primarily as a nominalization prefix attached to verbs.

PNNH Pairs

→ ‎*N-

‎*N- + ‎*ḋabo(t) (“to be wounded”) → ‎*ɲabo(t) (“a wound”)

‎*N- + ‎*ḋagim (“to owe”) → ‎*ɲagim (“debt”)

‎*N- + ‎*p1esak (“to be wet”) → ‎*besak (“rain”) (possibly)

‎*N- + ‎*tiʔikit (“to cough”) → ‎*diʔikit (“a cough”)

‎*N- + ‎*towoŋi (“to walk along the water's edge”) → ‎*dowoŋi (“beach, shore, coast”)

Other

• N- prefixation occurred in the proto-language and in more recent times (though present productivity is uncertain). Note Tabaru aeme (“to lick”), from PNNH *laḋem and Tabaru ngaeme (“tongue”). This process could have only happened after Tabaru lost l, which cannot be too old (c.f. Tabaru caana (“pants”) and Tabaru saaka (“silver”)).

Verbal Clitics

Subject-Marking Clitics

*tV-

1st Person Singular

• West Makian: t-
• PNNH: to-
  • PNeNH: to-
    • Galela: to-
    • Loloda: to-
    • Tobelo: to-
    • Pagu: to-
    • Tabaru: to-
  • Sahu: to-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: to-
    • Ternate: to-
    • Tidore: to-

*nV-

2nd Person Singular

• West Makian: n-
• PNNH: no-
  • PNeNH: no-
    • Galela: no-
    • Loloda: no-
    • Tobelo: no-
    • Pagu: no-
    • Tabaru: no-
  • Sahu: no-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: no-
    • Ternate: no-
    • Tidore: no-

*wV-

3rd Person Singular Masculine

• PNNH: wo-
  • PNeNH: wo-
    • Galela: wo-
    • Loloda: o-
    • Tobelo: wo-
    • Pagu: wo-
    • Tabaru: wo-
  • Sahu: o-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: wo-
    • Ternate: o-
    • Tidore: wo-

*mV-

3rd Person Singular Feminine

• PNNH: mo-
  • PNeNH: mo-
    • Galela: mo-
    • Loloda: mo-
    • Tobelo: mo-
    • Pagu: mo-
    • Tabaru: mo-
  • Sahu: mo-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: mo-
    • Ternate: mo-
    • Tidore: mo-

*i-

3rd Person Singular Inanimate (WM) or Non-Human (PNNH)

• West Makian: i-
• PNNH: i-
  • PNeNH: i-
    • Galela: i-
    • Loloda: i-
    • Tobelo: i-
    • Pagu: i-
    • Tabaru: i-
  • Sahu: i-
  • Ternate: i-

*ma-

3rd Person Singular Inanimate (WM) or Non-Human (PNNH)

• West Makian: ma-
• Tidore: ma-

*p₁V-

1st Person Plural Inclusive

• PNNH: p₁o-
  • PNeNH: p₁o-
    • Galela: po-
    • Loloda: wo-
    • Tobelo: ho-
    • Pagu: wo- (dialectal po- also exists)
    • Tabaru: po- (irregular, wo- is expected)
  • Sahu: wo-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: fo-
    • Ternate: fo-
    • Tidore: fo-

*mV-

1st Person Plural Exclusive

• PNNH: mV-
  • PNeNH: mi-
    • Galela: mi-
    • Loloda: mi-
    • Tobelo: mi-
    • Pagu: mio-
    • Tabaru: mi-
  • Sahu: mi-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: mV-
    • Ternate: mi-
    • Tidore: mo-

*nV-

2nd Person Plural

• PNNH: nV-
  • PNeNH: ni-
    • Galela: ni-
    • Loloda: ni-
    • Tobelo: ni-
    • Pagu: nio-
    • Tabaru: ni-
  • Sahu: ni-
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: nV-
    • Ternate: ni-
    • Tidore: no-

*yV-

3rd Person Plural Human

May be i + o

• PNNH: yo-, i-
  • PNeNH: yo-, i-
    • Galela: i-
    • Loloda: i-
    • Tobelo: yo-
    • Pagu: yo-
    • Tabaru: i-, yo-
  • Sahu: ?
  • Proto-Ternate-Tidore: i-, yo-
    • Ternate: i-, yo-
    • Tidore: yo-