Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/loboda

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

*loboda – Atriplex hortensis

*loboda – Atriplex prostrata

*loboda – Atriplex patula

Atriplex sagittata syn. nitens

Alternative forms

*lebeda, *lobeda, *elbeda, *olboda, *elbada

Etymology

Of uncertain kinship. Relatable to Lithuanian balánda and Latvian balodene (“goosefoot (Chenopodium); orach (Atriplex gen. et spp.)”), and even a distant relationship to Proto-Germanic *meldǭ (“goosefoot; orach”) cannot be excluded. A derivation from Proto-Indo-European *albʰós (“white”) begs the semantical question whether there are characteristic white parts with the orach or chenopod, any more relevantly than to artificially find the name Chenopodium album. Ancient Greek λάπαθον (lápathon, “sorrel”, a meaning also present in Turkish) may be related by being borrowed from an Indo-European language close to Balto-Slavic as Dacian, Thracian, or Illyrian, connected to Albanian lëpjetë (“sorrel”), wheras Ancient Greek βλῐ́τον (blíton, “purple amaranth”) might be an inherited cognate.

Alexandru Cihac suggests that the word is interrelated with Hungarian láb (“foot, leg”) and thus derives from Uralic, comparing Romanian laba gâștei (“chenopod”, literally “goose paw”), syn. talpa gâștei (“goose sole”), and the botanical Chenopodium from χήν (khḗn, “goose”) +‎ πούς (poús, “foot”) (but most of such like German Gänsefuß (“chenopod”) and English goosefoot are calqued from the taxonomic; instead compare Middle Armenian բազուկ (bazuk, “beet”, literally “arm”)). Nonetheless Georg Holzer ascribes the word to the Indo-European substrate he calls “Temematic”, deriving in it as a bahúvrīhi compound of Proto-Indo-European *h₁el- (“goose”, according to him) and *pṓds (“foot”).

Of the same origin is a Common Turkic term *(a)labVda everywhere meaning plants of the Atripliceae syn. Chenopodieae tribe that is not found in Chuvash or Yakut.

Descendance from Proto-Iranian *(h)rabā́š ~ *(h)rabacáh (“rhubarb”) (see there for more) may explain this geographical picture, rhubarb (Rheum) and sorrel (Rumex) anciently being confusables of the same botanical tribe, compare the concept of monk's rhubarb (Rumex alpinus and Rumex patientia, which is also a meaning of Ancient Greek λάπαθον (lápathon), with superficial similarity to the orach (Atriplex) and goosefoot (Chenopodium) vegetable plants.

Noun

*loboda f

goosefoot (Chenopodium)
orach (Atriplex gen. et spp.)

Inflection

Declension of *loboda (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*loboda	*lobodě	*lobody
genitive	*lobody	*lobodu	*lobodъ
dative	*lobodě	*lobodama	*lobodamъ
accusative	*lobodǫ	*lobodě	*lobody
instrumental	lobodojǫ, lobodǫ^**	*lobodama	*lobodami
locative	*lobodě	*lobodu	lobodasъ, lobodaxъ^*
vocative	*lobodo	*lobodě	*lobody

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Descendants

East Slavic:
- Old East Slavic: лебеда (lebeda), лобода (loboda), лобеда (lobeda)
  - Belarusian: лебяда́ (ljebjadá), лабада́ (labadá)
  - Russian: лебеда́ (lebedá), лобода́ (lobodá)
  - Ukrainian: лобода́ (lobodá), лебеда́ (lebedá)
South Slavic:
- Old Church Slavonic: лобода (loboda)
  - Bulgarian: ло́бода (lóboda), ло́бод (lóbod), лабада́ (labadá), ла́бада (lábada), ла́бода (láboda)
- Macedonian: лобода (loboda)
- Serbo-Croatian:
  Cyrillic script: ло̀бода, лобо̀да
  
  Latin script: lòboda, lobòda
  
  Chakavian (Vrgada): lobodȁ
- Slovene: lobóda, lóboda, lebẹ́da
West Slavic:
- Czech: lebeda, loboda, lebada
- Polish: łoboda, lebioda
- Slovak: loboda, lebeda
- Slovincian: lôbôda
- Sorbian:
  - Upper Sorbian: loboda, lobeda
  - Lower Sorbian: łoboda, łobeda, lobeda
→ Albanian: labót, labotë, labod, lebotë, llabod, llabudë, llabod
→ Greek: λουβουδιά (louvoudiá), λουβοδιά (louvodiá), λοβουδιά (lovoudiá), λοβοδιά (lovodiá), λοβοδά (lovodá), λομπότι (lompóti), λομποτιά (lompotiá), λομποτή (lompotí), λομπουντιά (lompountiá), λομπουτιά (lompoutiá), λοποντιά (lopontiá), λοποτιά (lopotiá), λεπουντιά (lepountiá), λεποντιά (lepontiá), λεποντή (lepontí), λεβουδιά (levoudiá), λοβοδό (lovodó), λάπατα (lápata), λαμποτιά (lampotiá), λαβουδιά (lavoudiá), λειβαδία (leivadía), λειβάδιον (leivádion)
→ Hungarian: laboda
→ Romanian: lobodă
→? Proto-Turkic: *alabuda

References

Bezlaj, France (1982) Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika [Etymological Dictionary of the Slovenian Language] (in Slovene), volumes 2 (K – O), Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, page 147
Blau, Otto (1868) Bosnisch-türkische Sprachdenkmäler‎^[1], Berlin: F. A. Brockhaus, page 156
Cihac, Alexandru (1879) Dictionnaire d’étymologie daco-romane: éléments slaves, magyars, turcs, grecs-moderne et albanais (in French), volume 2, Frankfurt: Ludolphe St-Goar, page 175
Holzer, Georg (1989) Entlehnungen aus einer bisher unbekannten indogermanischen Sprache im Urslavischen und Urbaltischen (in German), Wien: Verlag der Österreichischen Akadamie der Wissenschaften, →ISBN, pages 60–64
Nişanyan, Sevan (2002–) “labada”, in Nişanyan Sözlük
Svane, Gunnar (1992) Slavische Lehnwörter im Albanischen (Acta Iutlandica. Humanistische Reihe; 67) (in German), Åarhus: Aarhus University Press, →ISBN, page 114
Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*elbeda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 18
Trubachyov, O., Zhuravlyov, A. F., editors (2005), “*olboda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 32 (*obžьnъ – *orzbotati), Moscow: Nauka, →ISBN, page 50
Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “лебеда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress