Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gradъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰreh₃d-. Cognate with Sanskrit ह्रादुनि (hrādúni, “hail(stone)”), Latin grandō (“hail”), Old Armenian կարկուտ (karkut, “hail”) < *ka-krut < *ga-grōdo-. Possibly cognate with Lithuanian grúodas (“frozen earth or mud”), although Derksen considers it more likely to be cognate instead with *grǫda, *gruda (“heap, lump”), Lithuanian grū́das (“corn”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrewd-.

Noun

*gràdъ m

1. hail

Inflection

Declension of *gràdъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*gràdъ	*gràda	*gràdi
genitive	*gràda	*gràdu	*gràdъ
dative	*gràdu	*gràdoma	*gràdomъ
accusative	*gràdъ	*gràda	*gràdy
instrumental	*gràdъmь, *gràdomь*	*gràdoma	*gràdȳ
locative	*gràdě	*gràdu	*gràdě̄xъ
vocative	*gràde	*gràda	*gràdi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: градъ (gradŭ)
    • Belarusian: град (hrad)
    • Russian: град (grad)
    • Ukrainian: град (hrad)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Cyrillic: градъ (gradŭ)

    Glagolitic: ⰳⱃⰰⰴⱏ (gradŭ)

  • Bulgarian: град (grad)
  • Macedonian: град (grad)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: гра̏д

    Latin script: grȁd

    • Chakavian (Orbanići): grȁt
  • Slovene: grȁd (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Old Czech: hrad (“hail”)
    • Czech: hrady (“thundercloud”, pl.), dialectal hraď (“hail”)
  • Kashubian: grôd
  • Polabian: grod
  • Polish: grad
  • Slovak: hrad, hrád
  • Slovincian: grod
  • Sorbian:
    • Lower Sorbian: grad

Further reading

• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “град”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*gradъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 101