Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/gruda
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This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence. |
Proto-Slavic
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Likely a collective form of Proto-Indo-European *gʰréwdos (“crude, great”), from Proto-Indo-European *gʰer- (“to grind, to rub”). Cognates include Latvian graûds (“grain”), Lithuanian grūdai (“grain”), Proto-Germanic *grautaz (“big, great”).
Noun
[edit]Alternative reconstructions
[edit]Inflection
[edit]Declension of *grùda (hard a-stem, accent paradigm a)
| singular | dual | plural | |
|---|---|---|---|
| nominative | *grùda | *grùdě | *grùdy |
| genitive | *grùdy | *grùdu | *grùdъ |
| dative | *grùdě | *grùdama | *grùdamъ |
| accusative | *grùdǫ | *grùdě | *grùdy |
| instrumental | *grùdojǫ, *grùdǭ** | *grùdama | *grùdamī |
| locative | *grùdě | *grùdu | *grùdasъ, *grùdaxъ* |
| vocative | *grùdo | *grùdě | *grùdy |
* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).
Derived terms
[edit]- *gruditi (“to lump, to pile”)
- *grudati (“to clump together”)
- *grudъka (“tuber (of plants)”)
- *grudьnъ (“heinous, lousy; November, late autumn”)
- *grumę (“bush, shrub”)
Descendants
[edit]- East Slavic:
- South Slavic:
- West Slavic:
Further reading
[edit]- Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “груда”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
- Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1980), “*grudъ/*gruda”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 7 (*golvačь – *gyžati), Moscow: Nauka, page 153
- Georgiev, Vladimir I., editor (1971), “груда”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volume 1 (А – З), Sofia: Bulgarian Academy of Sciences Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 286
References
[edit]- ^ Derksen, Rick (2008) “*grǫ̀da; *grǫdъ; *grùda; *grudъ”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 4), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192: “f. ā; m. o; f. ā (a) ‘heap, lump’”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “gruda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[1], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “a (SA 155; RPT 107, 110)”
- ^ Olander, Thomas (2001) “grǫdъ grǫda”, in Common Slavic Accentological Word List[2], Copenhagen: Editiones Olander: “b hill (NA 122; SA 21)”
- ^ Snoj, Marko (2016) “grúda”, in Slovenski etimološki slovar [Slovenian Etymology Dictionary] (in Slovene), 3rd edition, https://fran.si: “*grűda”