Reconstruction:Proto-Norse/ᚹᛖᛊᚨᚾ

This Proto-Norse entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *wesaną, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wes-. Some forms are suppletive and instead derive from Proto-Indo-European *h₁ésti.

Verb

*ᚹᛖᛊᚨᚾ (*wesan)

1. to be
   • c. 5th century, Kalleby Runestone

     ᚦᚱᚨᚹᛁᛃᚨᚾ ᛫ ᚺᚨᛁᛏᛁᚾᚨᛉᚹᚨᛊ

     þrawijan · haitinaʀwas

     þrawijā['s stone] · [he] was called

   • c. 5th century, Vetteland stone (N KJ60, NIæR39)

     [ ]ᚠᛚᚨᚷᛞᚨᚠᚨᛁᚲᛁᚾᚨᛉᛁᛊᛏ […]

     [ ]flagdafaikinaʀist […]

     /[ ]flagda-faikinaʀ ist […] /

     [ ]is menaced by fiends. […]

Conjugation

• (infinitive) — *ᚹᛖᛊᚨᚾ (*wesan)
• (third-person singular present active indicative) — ᛁᛊᛏ (ist)
• (first/third-person singular past active indicative) — ᚹᚨᛊ (was)

Descendants

• Old Norse: vesa, vera
  • Icelandic: vera
  • Faroese: vera
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: vera; (dialectal) vè, vårå, vørå, vørrø, vara, va
  • Jamtish: vara, ve
  • Elfdalian: wårå
  • Old Swedish: vara, væra, væræ
    • Swedish: vara
  • Old Danish: wæræ, waræ
    • Danish: være
      • Norwegian Bokmål: være
  • Old Gutnish: wara