Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h₁ésti

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Athematic root present of *h₁es- (“to be”).

Verb

*h₁ésti (imperfective)

1. to be

Inflection

Imperfective, athematic, active only
3rd singular	*h₁ésti
3rd plural	*h₁sénti
Active voice	Present indicative	Past indicative	Imperative	Subjunctive	Optative
1st singular	*h₁ésmi	*h₁ésm̥	—	*h₁ésoh₂	*h₁syéh₁m̥
2nd singular	*h₁ési	*h₁és	*h₁és, *h₁sdʰí	*h₁ésesi	*h₁syéh₁s
3rd singular	*h₁ésti	*h₁ést	*h₁éstu	*h₁éseti	*h₁syéh₁t
1st dual	*h₁swós	*h₁swé	—	*h₁ésowos	*h₁sih₁wé
2nd dual	*h₁stés	*h₁stóm	*h₁stóm	*h₁ésetes	*h₁sih₁tóm
3rd dual	*h₁stés	*h₁stā́m	*h₁stā́m	*h₁ésetes	*h₁sih₁tā́m
1st plural	*h₁smós	*h₁smé	—	*h₁ésomos	*h₁sih₁mé
2nd plural	*h₁sté	*h₁sté	*h₁sté	*h₁ésete	*h₁sih₁té
3rd plural	*h₁sénti	*h₁sént	*h₁séntu	*h₁ésonti	*h₁sih₁ént
Participle	*h₁sónts

Descendants

• Proto-Anatolian: *ʔésti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Albanian: *esmi
  • Albanian: jam, (3sg.) është
• Armenian:
  • Old Armenian: եմ (em), ես (es), է (ē), են (en), (probably) -ի- (-i-) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Balto-Slavic: *bū́ˀtei (*esmi, *esi, *esti)
  • Latgalian: byut (asmu, esi, etc. (except ir))
  • Latvian: būt (esmu, esi, etc. (except ir))
  • Lithuanian: būti (esu, esi, etc. (except yra))
  • Old Prussian: ast
  • Proto-Slavic: *byti (*(j)esmь, *(j)esi, *(j)estь) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Celtic: *esti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Germanic: *wesaną (*immi, *izi, *isti etc.) (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Hellenic: *ehmi
  • Ancient Greek: εἰμί (eimí)

    Aeolic: ἔμμι (émmi)

    Cretan: ἠμί (ēmí)

• Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hásti (see there for further descendants)
• Proto-Italic: *som, *ezom (see there for further descendants)
• Tocharian:
  • Tocharian B: ste (“is”)