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Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/éti

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 This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

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Alternative reconstructions

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Etymology

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    From *h₁é. (Can this(+) etymology be sourced?) De Vaan proposes an old locative singular of *h₁et-,[1][2] reflected in Sanskrit अत् (at, “to go”), as he explains “Originally used to add something to a previous utterance, or to indicate the sequence of different actions”. Beekes and Derksen give the same etymology provided by De Vaan.[3][4] Ringe, however, reconstructs it as *éti.[5]

    Adverb

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    *éti[5][6]

    1. beyond
    2. over
    3. and

    Descendants

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    • Armenian:
      • (?) Old Armenian: -է (-ē)
    • Proto-Balto-Slavic: *ati (from *h₁óti, unless from *h₂éti)
      • Lithuanian: at- (“back, away”)
      • Latvian: at- (“back away”)
      • Old Prussian: et-, at-
      • Proto-Slavic: *otъ, *i (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Celtic: *ati-
    • Proto-Germanic: *idi, *idi- (see there for further descendants)
    • Hellenic:
      • Ancient Greek: ἔτι (éti, “yet”)
      • Ancient Greek: ἀτάρ (atár, “but”)
    • Proto-Indo-Iranian: *áti
    • Proto-Italic: *et
      • Latin: et (“and”) (see there for further descendants)
    • Proto-Tocharian: *āté[7]
      • Tocharian B: ate
    • Tocharian:

    References

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    1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “et”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 195
    2. ^ Schrijver, Peter (1991) The Reflexes of the Proto-Indo-European Laryngeals in Latin, in Leiden Studies in Indo-European, Volume: 2, page 36
    3. ^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “ἔτῐ”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 476
    4. ^ Derksen, Rick (2015) “at”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, pages 65-66
    5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ringe, Donald (2006) From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic (A Linguistic History of English; 1)‎[1], Oxford: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 104
    6. ^ Dunkel, George E. (2014) Lexikon der indogermanischen Partikeln und Pronominalstämme [Lexicon of Indo-European Particles and Pronominal Stems] (Indogermanische Bibliothek. 2. Reihe: Wörterbücher) (in German), volume 2: Lexikon, Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter GmbH Heidelberg, →ISBN, pages 260-264
    7. ^ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “ate”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 10
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