Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gʷeh₂-

This Proto-Indo-European entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Indo-European

Etymology

Perhaps some variation or gradation of *gʷem- seen also on *mendʰ- - *meh₂dʰ-, *med- - *meh₁-/*meh₁d-.

Root

*gʷeh₂- (perfective)^[1]^[2]

to step
to go
to stand

Derived terms

*gʷéh₂-t ~ *gʷh₂-ént (root aorist)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei^[3] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Hellenic: *égʷēn^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: ἔβην (ébēn)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *HágaHt
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *HágaHt
    - Sanskrit: अगात् (ágāt)
  - Proto-Iranian: *HágaHt
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬝 (gāt̰)
*gʷí-gʷeh₂-ti ~ *gʷí-gʷh₂-ti (reduplicated present)
- Proto-Armenian:^[5]
  - Old Armenian: կամ (kam)
    - Armenian: կամ (kam), կենալ (kenal) (part of the conjugation)
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷígʷāmi^[4]
  - Ancient Greek: *βίβημι (*bíbēmi), βιβᾱ́ς (bibā́s) (< *gʷígʷants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *ǰígaHti
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ȷ́ígaHti
    - Sanskrit: जिगाति (jígāti)
*gʷe-gʷóh₂-e ~ *gʷe-gʷh₂-ḗr (perfect)^[2]
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βεβάασῐ (bebáasi, Epic 3pl.), βέβηκᾰ (bébēka) (reformed as k-perfect)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जगायात् (jagā́yāt, 3sg.perf.opt.) (possibly a secondary formation)
*gʷéh₂-ye-ti^[3]
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gā́ˀtei (see there for further descendants)
*gʷh₂-ye-ti^[6]
- Proto-Celtic: *bayeti
  - Old Irish: baïd
*gʷeh₂-t-eh₁ye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: (ἀμφισ)βητέω ((amphis)bētéō)
*gʷoh₂-t-éye-ti
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: (συ)βωτέω ((su)bōtéō) (perhaps)
*gʷh₂-tós
- Proto-Celtic: *batos^[7]
  - Old Irish: at·bath
  - Old Irish: bath (“death”)
  - Welsh: bad (“pest, plague”)
*gʷe-gʷ(e)h₂-yo-
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βέβαιος (bébaios)
*gʷéh₂-mn̥ ~ *gʷh₂-mén-s
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷḗmə
  - Ancient Greek: βῆμα (bêma) (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *gā́ma
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *gā́ma
    - ⇒ Sanskrit: प्रगामन् (pragā́man, “step, gait”)
  - Proto-Iranian: *gā́ma
    - Avestan: 𐬔𐬁𐬨𐬀𐬥 (gāman)
    - Baluchi: گام (gám)
    - Persian: گام (gâm)
    - Northern Kurdish: gav (“step”)
*gʷoh₂-mós
- Proto-Hellenic: *gʷōmós
  - Ancient Greek: βωμός (bōmós)
*gʷéh₂-ti-s ~ *gʷh₂-téy-s
- Proto-Armenian:^[5]
  - Old Armenian: կայ (kay)
    - Armenian: կայք (kaykʻ)

Unsorted formations:
- Proto-Hellenic:
  - Ancient Greek: βιβάω (bibáō)
  - Ancient Greek: βιβάζω (bibázō)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic: *gāˀźas
  - Proto-Slavic: *gazъ^[8] (see there for further descendants)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian:
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan:
    - Sanskrit: जगत् (jágat)
    - Sanskrit: गा (gā, “going”) (as in स्वस्तिगा (svastigā́))
    - Sanskrit: ग (ga) (as in सुग (sugá))

References

^ Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 463-464
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯eh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 205
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “goti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βαίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 249-250
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bā-, *ba-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 52
^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 59
^ Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gazъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 113

[1] Pokorny, Julius (1959) “g^u̯ā-”, in Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [Indo-European Etymological Dictionary] (in German), volume 2, Bern, München: Francke Verlag, pages 463-464

[LIV-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*g^u̯eh₂-”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in German), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 205

[Derksen-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Derksen, Rick (2015) “goti”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 184

[Beekes-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “βαίνω”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume I, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 192

[Martirosyan-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Martirosyan, Hrach (2010) “ek-”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Armenian Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 8), Leiden and Boston: Brill, pages 249-250

[6] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bā-, *ba-yo-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 52

[7] Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*bato-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 59

[8] Trubachyov, Oleg, editor (1979), “*gazъ”, in Этимологический словарь славянских языков [Etymological dictionary of Slavic languages] (in Russian), numbers 6 (*e – *golva), Moscow: Nauka, page 113

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